Potential Flow: Adapted From: DR Azli Razak

CHAPTER 4
Potential Flow
Adapted from:
Dr Azli Razak
Content
Inviscid flow approximations. Euler
equation
The stream function and velocity
potential
Vorticity and irrotational
Frictionless irrotational flows.
Orthogonality of streamlines and velocity
potential lines
Plane potential flows; Uniform flow,
source, sink and irrotational
vortex; circulation
Content
Superposition of plane flow solutions;
Rankine half body, doublet and Rankine
oval. Flow past a circular cylinder with
circulation; Kutta-Joukowski Lift Theorem
Fluid Element Kinematics
Type of motion and deformation for a fluid
element
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Linear Motion and Deformation
The simplest type of
motion that a fluid
element can undergo
is translation as
shown in Figure.
Because of presence
of velocity gradients,
the element will
generally be
deformed and rotates
as it move Translation of a fluid element.
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Consider the effect of a single velocity gradient,
u/x, on a small cube having side x, y, and z
as shown in Figure.
Linear deformation of a fluid element

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The change in the original volume

would be,

Linear Motion and
Deformation
The rate at which the volume V

is changing per unit volume due to
the gradient u/x is,
1 d V u / x t
lim
u t
t x
V dt
0
If velocity gradients v/y and w/z

are also present, then using a similar
analysis it follows that, in the
general
case,
1 d u w

VVdt V x y z
1 d u w

VVdt V x y
z rate of change of the volume per unit
This
volume is called the volumetric dilatation rate.
For incompressible flow volumetric dilatation
rate is zero.
Angular Motion and Deformation
The velocity variation that cause rotation and
angular deformation is illustrate as below,
In a short time interval t the line segments OA

and OB will rotate through angles and
to the new positions OA and OB.
The angular velocity of line
OA, OA, is

lim
O
A
t
0
t
For small angles
tan
x xt

x
t x
So that
OA x t if /x is positive,
OA will be
x
lim
t0 t counterclockwise
The angular velocity of line
OB, OB, is

O
B
lim
For small angles t

t0
tan
u y yt u

y t y
So that
OB u y t u if u/y is positive,
OB will be
t0 t y clockwise
lim
The rotation, z, of the
element about the z-axis is
defined as the average of
the angular velocities OA
and OB of the two
mutually perpendicular
lines OA and OB.
If counterclockwise
rotation is considered to
be positive,
z 1 u

2 x y
If the rotation about x-axis
x 1 w

2 y z

If the rotation about y-axis
y 1 u w

2 z x

The three component x, y, and z can be
combined to give the rotation vector, ,
xi y j
z kof this result reveals that is
An examination
equal to one-half the curl of the velocity vector.
That is,
1 1
curl V V
2 2

By definition of vector operator V
i j k
1 1
V
2 x2 y z
u v
w
1
w v 1 u w 1 v u

2 y z 2 z x j 2 x y

i is defined as a vector that is
The vorticity,
k
twice the rotation vector, that is

2
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Generally if V = 0, then the
rotation are zero, and flow
fields for which this condition
applies are termed
irrotational.
The rotation associated with
the derivatives u/y and
/x as shown in the figure
can cause the fluid
element to undergo ad
angular deformation

The change in the original
right angle formed by the
lines OA and OB is termed the
shearing strain,

where is considered to be
positive if the original right
angle is decreasing.

The rate of change of is called the rate of
shearing strain or the rate of angular deformation
and is commonly denoted with symbol
The angles and are related to the velocity
gradient, so that
xt uyt
lim t
t0
and, therefore,
u

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Problem 1
For a certain two dimensional flow field the
velocity is given by the equation

V 4xyi 2 x 2 y 2 j
Is this flow irrotational?

Problem 2
An incompressible viscous fluid is placed
between two large parallel plates as shown in
figure. The bottom plate is fixed and the
upper plate moves with constant velocity, U.
For this conditions the velocity distribution
between the plates is linear and can be
expressed as,
b y
uU
Determine: (a) the volumetric dilatation rate,
(b) the rotation vector, (c) the vorticity, and (d)
the rate of angular deformation.
The Stream Function
Steady, incompressible, plane, two-dimensional
flow represents one of the simplest types of flow.
u w
0
x y z
When the flow is considered to be in the x-y
plane, the continuity equation can be reduces to:
u
0
x y
The Stream Function
Velocity components in a two-
dimensional flow field can be
defined in a function (x,y),
called the stream function.

u

y
x
Then the continuity equation
is identically satisfied as
shown.
2
2 0
x y y x xy xy
The Stream Function
By using the stream function we can simplified
two unknown function, u(x,y) and (x,y) to only
one unknown function, (x,y).
Advantages of using a stream function is related
to the fact that lines along which is constant
are streamlines.
Streamline are lines in flow field that are

everywhere tangent to the velocities.
The Stream Function
From the definition of the
streamlines that the slope at any
point along a streamlines is given by
Streamline
dy

dx u
The change in the value of as it move from
one point (x,y) to a nearby point (x + dx, y + dy)
is given a relationship:

d dx dy dx udy
The Stream Function
Along a line of constant , d = 0,
so that Streamline
dx udy
0
and, therefore along a line of constant
dy

dx u
which is defining equation for a streamline
If we know the function (x,y) we can plot lines
of constant and helpful in visualizing the flow
pattern
The Stream Function
The change in the value of
is related to the volume
rate of flow.
From conservation of mass,
the inflow, dq, crossing the
arbitrary surface AC must
equal the net outflow
through surfaces AB and
BC. Thus,
dq udy dx

The Stream Function
In term of the stream function

dq dx dy
x
dq d
y
Therefore,

The Stream Function
The volume rate of flow , q, between two
streamlines such as 1 and 2 as shown in
figure can be determine by

dq 1 d 2
2
1
If the upper streamline, 2 , has a value greater
than the lower streamline, 2, then q is positive.

The Stream Function
In cylindrical coordinates the continuity equation
for incompressible, plane two-dimensional flow
reduce to
1 r 1
r

r r r 0

Velocity components, r and , can be related
to the stream function (r,), through the
equations
r 1
r r

Irrotational flow
The rotation of a fluid element is equal to
(V), and irrotational flow field is one for
which V = 0.
Since the vorticity, , is defined as V, it also
follows that in an irrotational flow field the
vorticity is zero.
Since the vector components of fluid flow include
the various velocity gradients, the condition of
irrotationality imposes specific relationships
among these velocity gradient

Irrotational flow
For example, for rotation about the z-axis to be
zero, it follows that
z 1 u

2 x y
and therefore, 0
u

x
y w and u w

Similarly to x and y, yendeavour
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The Velocity Potential
For an irrotational flow the velocity gradients are
related through equation below.

u w

u w

x y y z z x
In this case the velocity components can be

as,
expressed in terms of scalar function (x,y,z,t)

u w
x y
where is called the velocity potential
z
In vector form the velocity potential can be
written as,
V
So that for an irrotational flow the velocity is
expressible as the gradient of scalar function .
For incompressible fluid, from conservation of
mass it shows that
V 0

Therefore for incompressible, irrotational flow
(with V = ) it follows that
2 0
where 2( ) = . ( ) is the Laplacian
operator.
In Cartesian coordinates
2
2

2
0

Inviscid, incompressible, irrotational flow fields
x2 y2 z 2
are governed by Laplaces equation. This type of

flow is commonly called a potential flow.
In cylindrical coordinate system the gradient
operator is
( ) r 1 ( ) ( )
( ) e r z
so that r
e e
1 z

r er r z
e e
where = (r,,z). Since
z
V r er e

For irrotational flow (with V = )
1 z
r

r r z
and Laplaces equation in cylindrical coordinates is
1 1 2
r
r r r r 2 2 0
2
z 2

Basic, Plane Potential Flows
For simplicity, only plane (two-dimensional)
flows will be considered. In this case, by using
Cartesian coordinates

u
x y
or by using cylindrical coordinates

1
r

r r

We also can define a stream function for plane
flow as,

u

y
x as,
or with cylindrical coordinate
r 1
r r

If we imposed the condition of irrotationality,
then
u

y x
In term of stream function

y y

or
x x 2

2
0

For irrotational plane we can used both either
the velocity potential or the stream function with
the both satisfy Laplaces equation in two
dimensions.
It shows that the velocity potential and the
stream function are somehow related, that is
dy

dx along constant
u

The change in as we move from one point (x,y)
to a nearby point (x + dx, y + dy) is given by the
relationship

d dx dy udy dx
x y
Along a line of constant we have d = 0 so that

dy

dx along constant
u

A comparison shows that lines of constant or
called equipotential lines are orthogonal to lines
of constant (stream lines) at all point where
they intersect.
dy dy

dx along constant dx along constant
u u

For any potential flow
field a flow net can be
drawn that consists of
a patterns and can be
used to obtained
graphical streamlines
and equipotential lines.

Uniform Flow
The simplest plane flow is one for which the
streamlines are all straight and parallel, and the
magnitude of the velocity is constant.
This type of flow is called a uniform flow.
uU and
0
In terms of the velocity
potential
an
U 0
d
x y
Uniform Flow
an
U 0
d
x y
These two equations can
be integrated to yield,
Ux
C
Thus for a uniform flow in the positive x direction
Ux

Uniform Flow
These corresponding
stream function can be
obtained in a similar
manner,
an
U 0
d
y x
Therefore,
Uy

Uniform Flow
The velocity potential and
stream function at an angle
with the x axis can be
generalized as follows,
U x cos y sin
and,
U y cos x sin

Source and Sink
Figure shows a fluid
flowing radially outward
from a line through the
origin perpendicular to
x-y plane.
Let m be the volume
flow rate and to satisfy
conservation of mass
m
2 r r
or r
2
m
r
Source and Sink
Since the flow is purely
radial flow, = 0, the
corresponding velocity
potential can be obtained
by integrating the
equations,
m and 1
0
r 2 r
It rfollows that
m
ln r
2
Source and Sink
m
ln r
2
If m is positive, the flow is radially outward, and

the flow is consider to be a source flow.
If m is negative, the flow is toward the origin,
and
the flow is consider to be a sink flow.
The flowrate, m, is the strength of the source
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Source and Sink
The stream function for
the source can be
obtained by integrating
the relationship,
r 1
m r
2

r
0 r
to yield
m
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Vortex
Vortex the flow field in
which the streamlines are
concentric circles
Interchange the velocity
potential and stream
function for the source
Let,
K
and
K ln r K is constant

Vortex
With r = 0 and
1 K
r r r
This result indicates that
the tangential velocity
varies inversely with the
distance from the
origin.
K
K is constant

Vortex
For an irrotational vortex,
if a pair of small stick
are place in the flow
field at
location A, the sticks
would
rotate as they move to
location B.
The stick that aligned along the streamline,
would follow a circular path rotate in a counter
clockwise direction and the other stick rotate in a
clockwise due to the nature of the flow field.
Vortex
If the fluid were rotating as a
rigid body, such that
= K1r where K1 is a
constant, then sticks
similarly placed in the flow
field would rotate as
illustrated in figure
This type of vortex motion is rotational and
cannot be described with a velocity potential.
Rotational vortex is commonly known as force
vortex, whereas irrotational vortex is usually
called a free vortex.
Vortex
A combine vortex is one with
force vortex as a central core
and a velocity distribution
corresponding to that of a free
vortex outside the core. For a
combine vortex,
r r r0
and
K r 0
r
where K and are constant and r0
is radius of rcentral core
Vortex
A mathematical concept
commonly associated with
vortex motion is the that
of circulation, .
The circulation, , is define
is defined as the line integral
of tangential component of
the velocity taken
around a closed curve in the
flow field.
The circulation,
C
V , can be
ds as
expressed
Vortex
For irrotational flow, V =
so that Vds = d
and therefore,
C d 0
The result indicates that for an irrotational flow
the circulation will generally be zero.
If there are singularities enclosed within the
curve the circulation may not be zero.

Vortex
For example, let free vortex
with = K/r the circulation
around the circular path of
radius r is
2 K rd
0
2K
r that the circulation is nonzero and
which shows
the constant K = /2 .
The circulation around any path that does not
include the singular point at the origin will be
zero.
Vortex
The velocity potential and
stream function for the free
vortex are commonly
expressed in term of the
circulation as

2
and
ln r
2
Example:
The streamlines in a particular two-dimensional
flow field are all concentric circles as shown in
figure. The velocity is given by the equation
=r where is the angular velocity of the
rotating mass fluid. Determine the circulation
around the path ABCD.

Source and Sink Pair
Basic potential flow
formed by combining a
source and sink.
The combined
stream function for
source-sink pair
is,
m
2
1 2
berewritten as
which can
2 tan1 tan2
tan tan1 2
m 1 tan
1 2
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From the figure it follows
that
r sin
tan 1
r cos
and a
tan r sin
2
r cos
a
2 tan1 tan2
tan 1 2
m 1 tan 1
tan 2
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Therefore
2 2ar

m
tan sin r 2
a 2
so that
m n 2ar sin2
2 ta
r
2

a

For small values of the distance a
m 2ar sin mar sin

2 r 2
r2
a

2
since the tangent of anaangle
2 approaches the
value of the angle for small angles

Doublet
The so called doublet is formed by letting the
source and sink approach one another (a 0)
while increasing the strength m (m ) so
that the product ma/ remain constant.
In this case, since r/(r2 - a2 ) 1/r, therefore
mar sin

r 2 a2 K = ma/, is
called the
strength of the
doublet
K sin

r
Doublet
The corresponding velocity potential for the
doublet is
K cos

r

Summary of Basic, Plane Potential Flows

Example:
Two sources, one of strength m and the other
with strength 3m, are located on the x axis
as
shown in figure. Determine the location of the
stagnation point in the flow produced by these
sources.

Source in a Uniform Stream Half-body
Consider the superposition of the source and
uniform flow as shown in figure. The
resulting stream function is
uniformflow source
m
Ur sin
2
The corresponding velocity potential is,
m
Ur cos ln r
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Some point along x axis the velocity due to the
source will cancel due to the uniform flow and a
stagnation point will be created.
For a source alone,
r
m
So that stagnation point
2r
occurs at x = -b where
U
m or m
b
2b 2U
The value of the stream function at the
stagnation point can be obtained by evaluating
at r = b and = ,
stagnation m
2
Since m/2 = bU, the
equation of streamline passing through the
stagnation point is
bU Ur sin or r b
sin

**wherebU can vary between 0 and 2

A plot of streamline for
this case as shown in
Figure.
If replace this streamline
with solid boundary, it
clearly shows that this
combination of uniform flow and a source can
be used to describe the flow around a
streamlined body placed in a uniform stream.
The body is open at down stream end, and
thus is called a half-body.
The width of the half-body
asymptotically
approaches 2b.
This can be written as.
y b
So that as 0 or
2 the half-width
approaches b.
Therefore the velocity component on the half-
body can be obtained.

For the half-body, using
stream function,
m
1
r r U cos 2
r
and

U
sin r

Thus, the square of the magnitude of the
velocity, V, at any point is,
2
Umcos m
V 2 2
U
2 2

r

2r
r
and since b = m/2U
b
cos
2
b
V 2 U 2 1
r 2
2 r
Rankine oval
sink pair and uniform flow as shown in
figure.
The stream function of this combination is
uniformflow source-sink pair
Ur sin
2
m
1 2

Rankine oval
sink pair and uniform flow as shown in
figure.
The velocity potential of this combination is
uniformflow source-sink pair
Ur cos
2
m
ln r1 ln r2

Rankine oval
The stream function
and velocity potential
of this combination
also can be written
as,
m 2ar
Ur sin ta

2 n
1
sin2
r

or a2
2ay
m 1
Uy 2 tan x y a 2 2 2

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Rankine Ovals
The corresponding streamlines for this field are
obtained by setting = constant.
If several of these streamlines are plotted, it will
be discovered that the streamlines = 0 forms a
closed body as shown in the next figure.

Rankine Ovals
This streamlines can be assume as forming the
surface of a body of length 2l and width 2h
placed in a uniform stream.
This body have an oval shape and are termed
Rankine Ovals.

Rankine oval
Stagnation points
occur at the upstream
and downstream
ends
of the body as indicated
in the figure.
This point can be located by determine the
velocity equal to zero along the x axis.
The stagnation points correspond to the points
where the uniform velocity, the source velocity
and the sink velocity all combines to give a zero
velocity.
Rankine oval
The locations of the
stagnation points
depend on the value
of a, m, and U.
The half-body length l,
can be expressed as
12 12
or l ma
2

a

U
Ua
Rankine oval
The body half-width, h
can be obtained by
determining the value
of y where the y axis
interests the = 0
streamline.
Thus substitute = 0,
x = 0 and y = h, into
m 2ay 2

Uy 2 tan x 2 y 2 a
1


Rankine oval
Then,
h2 a2
2Uh
h tan
2a

h
h 1m 2
Ua h
1 tan 2
a 2 a m a
or

Rankine oval
12
l ma
1
a
Ua
h1 h 2
Ua h
1 tan 2
a 2 a m a
Both equation
above show that l/a and h/a are

functions of the dimensionless parameter,
Ua/m.
l/a can be determine directly, however h/a
must
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determined by a trial and error.
Example
One end of a pond has a shoreline that resembles
a half body as shown in figure below. A vertical
porous pipe is located near the end of the pond so
that water can pumped out. When water is
pumped at the rate of 0.08 m3/s through a 3-m-
long pipe, what will be the
velocity at point A?
Hint: consider the flow inside
a half body

Example
A Rankine oval is formed by combining a
source-sink pair, each having a strength of 3.35
m2/s and separated by a distance of 3.65 m
along the x axis, with a uniform velocity of 3.05
m/s (in the positive x direction). Determine the
length and thickness of the oval

Flow Around Circular Cylinder
The flow around a circular cylinder can be
represent by using a combination of a uniform
flow in the positive x direction with a doublet.
This combination gives for a stream function,
K sin
Ur sin
For a velocity potential, r
K cos
Ur cos
r
To represent flow around a circular for the
stream function, take = constant at r =
a, where a is the radius of the cylinder.
Since the stream function can be written
as, K
U 2 r sin
r
Then if = 0 at r =
a
K
U 0
**This indicates
2
that the
a
doublet strength, K = Ua2.
The stream function for flow around a circular
cylinder can be expressed as.
a2
Ur 1r 2

sin
For a velocity potential,
a2
Ur 1 r 2

cos

The velocity component can be obtained as
1 2

r a
U 1r 2

r r cos
and

1 2

a
U 1r 2

r r sin
On the surface of the cylinder
(r = a)
r 0 and 2U sin
r 0 and 2U sin
From the velocity component it shows that

the maximum velocity occurs at the top and
the bottom of the cylinder ( = /2) and has
a magnitude of twice the upstream velocity,
U.
As it move away from the
cylinder along the ray =
/2 the velocity varies as
shown in this figure.

The pressure distribution on the cylinder surface
is obtained from Bernoulli equation from the
pressure p0 (measure at a point far from the
cylinder) and the velocity is U so that
p0 21 U 2 p s 21 2 s
ps is the surface pressure
Since s = -2Usin, the surface pressure an be
expressed as

ps p0 12 U 2 1 4sin2

A comparison of
theoretical (inviscid)
pressure
distribution on the
surface of a circular
cylinder with typical
experimental
distribution.

The resultant force (per unit length) developed
on the cylinder can be determined by integrating
the pressure over the surface.
From the figure it can be seen that
2
Fx 0 p s cos ad
and
2
Fy 0 p s sin ad
Interesting potential flow can be developed by
adding a free vortex to the stream function or
velocity potential for the flow around a cylinder.
In this case

Ur 1 2 sin ln
2
a
r 2
r
and
a2

Ur 1 r 2 cos

The circle r = a will still be a streamline, since
the streamlines for the added free vortex are all
circular.
The tangential velocity, , on the surface of the
cylinder (r = a) now becomes

2U sin
r 2
a
a
This type of flow field could be approximately
created by placing a rotating cylinder in a
uniform stream.

A variety of streamline pattern can be
developed, depending on the vortex strength, .
In example the location of stagnation points on
the surface of the cylinder can be determine
from,

2U sin
r 2
a
a
These point will occur at stag where
and therefore,
sin
stag
4U
If = 0, then stag = 0 or , the stagnation points
occur at the front and rear of the cylinder as are
shown in figure.
For -1 /4Ua 1, the stagnation points will

occur at some other location on the surface

If the absolute value of the parameter /4Ua
exceeds 1, the equation below cannot be
satisfied
sin
stag
4U
Therefore the stagnation points is located away
a
from the cylinder as shown below

The force per unit length developed on the
cylinder can again be obtained by integrating the
differential pressure forces around the
circumference.
2

p0 U ps -
1
2
2 1
2
2Usin 2a
or
2 sin 2
ps p0 1
U 1- 4sin
2 2

2
aU 4 a U
2 2

2

Example
A fixed circular cylinder of infinite length is
placed in a steady, uniform steam of an
incompressible, nonviscous fluid. Assume that
the flow is irrotational. Prove that the drag on the
cylinder is zero. Neglect body forces

Example
A rotating circular cylinder of infinite length is
placed in a steady, uniform steam of an
incompressible, nonviscous fluid. The stream
function and velocity potential are given by the
equation below.

Ur 1 a 2 sin ln Ur 1 a 2 cos
2 2
r 2 r 2
r
Verify that the lift is not zero and can be
expressed by,
Fy U
Thank you for your
attention

Potential Flow: Adapted From: DR Azli Razak

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CHAPTER 4

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Linear deformation of a fluid element

The change in the original volume

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The rate at which the volume V

If velocity gradients v/y and w/z

In a short time interval t the line segments OA

For small angles t

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Is this flow irrotational?

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Streamline are lines in flow field that are

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In this case the velocity components can be

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are governed by Laplaces equation. This type of

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or by using cylindrical coordinates

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 38

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 41

Along a line of constant we have d = 0 so that

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 42

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 43

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 44

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 46

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 47

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 48

If m is positive, the flow is radially outward, and

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 53

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 54

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 59

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 62

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 65

m 2ar sin mar sin

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 66

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 68

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 69

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 70

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 75

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 76

The stream function of this combination is

uniformflow source-sink pair

The velocity potential of this combination is

uniformflow source-sink pair

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 81

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 82

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 85

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 88

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 89

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 92

From the velocity component it shows that

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 94

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 96

www.fkm.uitm.edu.m endeavour religious 99

For -1 /4Ua 1, the stagnation points will