Processes required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was designed Includes all activities of the overall management function that determine the quality policy, objectives, and responsibilities. These are implemented by quality planning, quality assurance, quality control, and quality improvement Modern quality management complements project management. Both disciplines recognize the importance of:
Customer satisfaction. Understanding, evaluating, defining, and managing
expectations so that customer requirements are met. This requires a combination of conformance to requirements (the project must produce what it said it would produce) and fitness for use (the product or service must satisfy real needs).
Prevention over inspection. The cost of preventing mistakes is generally
much less than the cost of correcting them, as revealed by inspection.
Management responsibility. Success requires the participation of all
members of the team, but it remains the responsibility of management to provide the resources needed to succeed.
Continuous improvement. The plan-do-check-act cycle is the basis for
quality improvement Project Quality Management 3 major processes: Quality Planning identifying quality standards that are relevant to the project (Plan); Project Manager, Project Owner Quality Assurance evaluating overall project performance to provide confidence that project will satisfy relevant quality standards (Implement or Execution); Project Team Quality Control monitoring specific results to comply with quality standards and eliminating unsatisfactory performance causes (Check or Control); Project Manager, Project Team Compatible with ISO 9000 and 10000 series Total Quality Management Quality & Grade Quality and Grade are not the same; Grade is a category assigned to products or services having the same functional use but different technical characteristics; Low quality is always a problem; low grade may not be A product may be high quality (no obvious defects) but low grade (limited number of features). For example, a software product can be of high quality (no obvious defects, readable manual) and low grade (a limited number of features), or of low quality (many defects, poorly organized user documentation) and high grade (numerous features); The project manager and the project management team are responsible for determining and delivering the required levels of both quality and grade Precision and Accuracy Precision and Accuracy are not the same; Precision is consistency that the value of repeated measurements are clustered and have little scatter; Accuracy is correctness that the measured value is very close to the true value. Precise measurements are not necessarily accurate. A very accurate measurement is not necessarily precise. The project management team must determine how much accuracy or precision or both are required. Quality Planning Quality Planning Identify quality standards are relevant and how to satisfy Inputs to Quality Planning Quality Policy the overall intentions and direction of an organization with regard to quality as expressed by management Scope Statement Product Description Standards and Regulations Other Process Outputs processes from other knowledge areas (procurement planning) Tools &Techniques for Quality Planning Benefit/Cost Analysis Quality planning must consider cost-benefits tradeoffs; The primary benefit of meeting quality requirements is less rework; The primary cost of meeting quality requirements is the expense associated with Project Quality Management activities Benchmarking Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance Flowcharting Cause and effect diagramming; illustrate how causes relate to potential problems or effects; System or Process flowcharts show how various elements of the system interrelate; Helps anticipation of what and where quality problems may occur.
Design of Experiments analytical technique which defines what
variables have most influence on the overall outcome; The use of experimentation to statistically determine what variables will improve quality; For example, people may try to improve quality by analyzing the effect on overall quality of using different processes for software development and leaving all other aspects the same; or changing the type of wood used on a desk but leaving all other variables the same; DOE is a statistical method that allows you to systematically change all of the important factors in a process and see which combination has a lower impact on the project rather than the slower, less accurate way of changing them one at a time. Tools &Techniques for Quality Planning Pareto Law 80/20 Rule Pareto Analysis: Pareto diagram help project team to identify the vital few factors that account for the most quality problem from more numerous insignificant many factors. Tools &Techniques for Quality Planning Cost of Quality(COQ) Prevention cost Appraisal cost Failure cost Outputs from Quality Planning Quality Management Plan describes how team will implement its quality policy; describes the project quality system organizational structures, responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management Operational Definitions defines how an item is measured by the quality control process. Also known as Quality Metrics. Checklists structured tool used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed Inputs to other processes may identify a need for further activity in another area Quality Assurance Quality Assurance Quality assurance (QA) is the application of planned, systematic quality activities to ensure that the project will employ all processes needed to meet requirements; A quality assurance department, or similar organization, often oversees quality assurance activities. Inputs to Quality Assurance Quality Management Plan Results of quality control measurements (testing) Operational definitions Tools & Techniques for Quality Assurance Quality Audits: A structured review of projects quality management activities for the purpose of improving performance on this and other projects. May be random or scheduled May be performed internally or externally Tools & Techniques for Quality Assurance Process Analysis: This analysis consider problems and constraints experienced. QA tools and Techniques: Cause effect diagram, control charts, Pareto diagram, statistical sampling, inspection and defect repair review. Outputs from Quality Assurance Quality improvements taking action to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project to provide added benefits to the stakeholders Most likely will involve change control Request changes Recommended corrective action Project Quality Management Plan (update) Tools & Techniques for Quality Control Tools & Techniques for Quality Control Inspection activities such as testing to determine if results comply with requirements Control Charts plot results over time Pareto diagrams frequency of occurrence that identifies type or category of result (80/20 rule) guides corrective action Statistical sampling select population of interest for inspection Flowcharting Trend Analysis forecast future outcomes based on historical results Technical performance (# of errors identified; # of errors that remain) Cost and Schedule performance (activities per period with significant variances) Cause and Effect Diagram Control Chart Flowcharts Pareto Diagram Outputs from Quality Control Quality Improvement Acceptance Decisions (accept/reject) Rework action to bring defective item into compliance Frequent cause of project overruns Completed checklists Process Adjustments immediate corrective/preventive actions Most likely involves change control