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4.1
C
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Q
C
V
SI farad (F).
farad .
microfarad (F) picofarad (pF).
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4.1
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4.1
()
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4.1
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, .
V = 0 .
Q Q R
C 4 o
V keQ/ k e
4.2
( )
= Q / A.
A
.
Q
.
.
.
Q Q Q A
C o
V Ed Qd / o A d
4.2
V = 2keln (b/)
=Q/l
:
Q l
C
V 2ke ln b/
4.2
:
1 1
V keQ
b
:
Qb
C
V ke b
4.2
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4.3
(1)
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4.3
(2)
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V1 = V2 = V
V ( ).
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Q. = Q1 + Q2
4.3
(3)
C.
.
4.3
( )
C. = C1 + C2 + C3 +
.
, .
4.3
(1)
,
C1
C2 .
C2,
C2,
.
Q,
+Q.
4.3
(2)
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.
Q1 = Q2 = Q
4.3
( )
.
V. = V1 + V2 +
:
1 1 1 1
K
C. C1 C2 C3
4.3
1.0 F 3.0 F .
6.0 F 2.0 F.
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4.3
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4.4
(2)
,
, q.
:
q
dW Vdq dq
C
.
:
Q q Q2
W dq
0 C 2C
4.4
(3)
U :
Q2 1 1
U Q V C ( V ) 2
2C 2 2
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, .
4.4
( )
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:
U = (oAd)E2.
,
:
uE = oE2.
4.4
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4.4
(1)
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, , , , .
,
:
C = Co.
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4.5
(2)
, C = (oA) / d.
, d
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, d.
d
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d,
()
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4.5
( )
:
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d C .
4.5
4.5
ylar,
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4.5
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4.5
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4.5
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10 pF 500 pF.
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4.5
(1)
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2.
r
, p ,
q +q.
4.6
(2)
p 2q.
r
E.
r
E ,
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.
4.6
(3)
F = qE.
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.
4.6
( )
:
= 2F sin pE sin
:
r r r
p E
-
.
:
Uf Ui = pE(cos i cos f U = pE cos ,
i = 90o Ui = U90 = 0.
:
r r
U p E
4.6
, .
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4.6
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x
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4.6
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4.6
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(), .
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4.6
(1)
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4.7
(2)
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4.7
(3)
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4.7
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4.7
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4.7