BASIN AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM

MODELING
 OUTLINE PRESENTATION

PETROLEUM SYSTEM
ORGANIC MATTER
SOURCE ROCK : - SOURCE
CLASSSIFICATION
- SOURCE EVALUATION

COMPACTION
HEAT FLOW AND THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
CORRECTION DATA
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
VITRINITE REFLECTANCE
BURIAL HISTORY
MIGRATION
BPSM HISTORY
1D and 3D WORKFLOW
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
PETROLEUM
 SOURCE ROCK ORIGIN

1. Inorganic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon generated from chemical reaction of iron carbide with
water in the Earths crust.
The main evidence supporting these theories was the occasional
occurrence of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions and solid bitumens in
igneous rock as well as few cases of oil and gas fields hosted in
fracture basement rocks.

2. Organic Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon generated from chemical reaction of organic matter
 ORGANIC MATTER

CARBON
CYCLE

* Tissot and welte 1984

 ORGANIC MATTER RICHNESS

Primary Factors Influencing The Amount of

Organic Matters Richness in Sediments

1. Productivity
. Amount of living organism at certain environment

2. Preservation
o.Amount of dead organism at certain depositional
environment

3. Dilution
o.Volume preserve organism to its sediment/rock.
 ORGANIC MATTER PRODUCTIVITY

Factors Influencing Productivity :

1. Nutrient Availability
2. Light
3. Temperature
4. Predators
5. Water Chemistry * Modified from Huc.
1981
 ORGANIC MATTER PRESERVATION

actors Influencing Preservation :

halocline

Sedimentation rate
Isolated condition
Type of Organic Matter
Oxygen (Anoxic) Redox
boundary

Higher sedimentary rate =

higher preservation

Structure OM have more

change to preserve than
structureless OM

*Demaison and Moore, 1980

 SOURCE ROCK

Definition : fine grained, organic-rich rock that is capable of generating

hydrocarbon, given sufficient exposure to heat and pressure.

Example : shale, limestone, coal

ROCK

MINERAL MATTER ORGANIC MATTER

(99%) (1%)

BITUMENS (10%)
KEROGEN (90%)

ORGANIC MATTER
KEROGEN TYPE

Merrill (1991)
MATURITY

Merrill (1991)
MATURITY

Hunt (1996)
 SOURCE ROCK CLASIFICATION

1. Active Source Rocks : Generated or generating and expelling

hydrocarbon in sufficient quantities to form commercial oil and gas
accumulations.

2. Spent Source Rocks : a volume of rock that had generated,

possibly a long time ago, its hydrocarbons and now contains
thermally altered organic matter.

3. Potential Source Rocks : a volume of rock that has capacity to

generate hydrocarbons in sufficient quantities to form commercial
oil and gas accumulations, but has not yet reached the state of
minimum thermal condition to be able to generate hydrocarbon.

* Knowing the classification of source rock classification in our study

area will make us able to estimate primary target for source rock
evaluation.
 SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION

WHATS THE POINT ?!!!!!!

The Final goal with Source Rock Evaluation is to

calculate/estimate In Place Hydrocarbon Potential Generation.

That number will be use at 3d modeling, especially for running

migration simulation

STEPS :
1. Knowing our area regionally (Proven source rock).

2. Knowing our local depositional environment

3. Interval/Formation identification in term of source rock :

- Regional Proven source rock as our primary target.
- All rich organic shale/coal as our secondary target.

4. Calculate Hydrocarbon generated potential

 SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION

Study Case :

Regional Well Data Geochem Data

A Source Rock Identified Marker : TOC :
Interval : 1. Marker A : 1. Marker B :
1. Marker B : Proven R 0.5wt%
Delta Shale 2. Marker B : 2. Marker C :
Proven SR 0.6wt%
B Regional Maturity : 3. Marker C : un-
2. Marker B : Proven SR Kerogen Type :
Mature (Lacustrine Shale) 3. Marker B :
4. Marker D : Non- Kerogen II/III.
Regional SR 4. Marker C :
Thickness : Kerogen I.
3. Marker B : 500 Marker Thickness :
C m 1. Marker B : 300 Vitrinite
m Reflectance :
2. Marker C : 100 1. Marker B : 0.5
D m

Shale net to
 SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION
Ro TOC

Immature
Potential Source
Rock
300 m

B Maturation onset

Active Source
B

mature

Rock
100 m

C C

D
0 0.6 1 0 0.5 1
Only partial of B interval that in mature
state
not all interval that have TOC data
 SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION
TOC TOC

B ?
Delta Log
R
?

C C
?

D
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
 DELTA LOG R
Methode to calculate/estimate total organic carbon from wireline log.

Most Common method for Delta Log R :

1. Passeys DlogR Method
2. Isslers Method

Passeys DlogR
Method
1. SlogR = log (RESD / RESDbase) + 0.02 * (DTC DTCbase)
2. DlogR = log (RESD / RESDbase) 2.5 * (DENS - DENSbase)
3. NlogR = log (RESD / RESDbase) + 4 * (PHIN - PHINbase) Divide metric DTC
values by 3.281 to get
usec/ft, metric density
TOCs = SF1s * (SlogR * 10^(0.297 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1sby 1000 to get gm/cc.
TOCd = SF1d *(DlogR * 10^(0.297 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1d
TOCn = SF1r * (NlogR * 10^(0.297 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1n

Isslers Method
Based on density vs resisitivity and sonic vs resistivity crossplot
1. TOCs = 0.0714 * (DTC+195 * log (RESD)) 31.86
2. TOCd = -0.1429 * (DENS-1014) / (log(RESD)+4.1.22) + 45.14

Wtocs = SF2 * TOCs / 100 +SO2

Wtocd = SF3 * TOCd/ 100+SO3
 DELTA LOG R

Passeys DlogR Method

 SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION
TOC

Potential Source Rock

Economic Active Source

Rock

C
insufficient Active Source
Rock
D
0 0.5 1

Calculated TOC from Delta Log R

Methode
 SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION

Potential
Source Shale NTG
300 m

Rock
B From organic
rich interval at
Marker B
Interval

Economic
Active Shale NTG
100 m

Source Rock From organic

C rich interval at
Marker C
Interval
Shale NTG :
D Marker B : 0.6 from 290m (Thickness
marker B)

Marker C : 0.7 from 80m (Thickness

marker C)
HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL

* James W. Schmoker, Volumetric Calculation of Hydrocarbons Generated,

page 323, AAPG mem60
HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL
HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL
 HYDROCARBON GENERATED POTENTIAL

Generated Hydrocarbon per unit source rock

Volume of HC = k * TOC * HI * f
MMBO/mile3
Volume of HC = k* 6 * TOC * HI *f
BCFG/mile 3
Generated hydrocarbon (total) = volume of HC per mile3 * total volume of sou
rock mile3

TOC = wt%
HI = mgHC/g TOC
f = 0 to 1 (0 =fully immature, 1 = fully mature)
k = 0.7 for shale source rock , 0.78 for
carbonate source rock

* Moshier and Waples (1985)

 HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL

43.56 X v shale X HI X TOC X

V
shale X (1 EL)

=
oil
V = Hydrocarbon volume generated from source rock
(MMscf/acre ft)
v shale = Volume net shale (source rock) (acre foot)
HI = HI original HI current (mg HC/g)
TOC = Original TOC (fraction)
shale = bulk shale (source rock) density (g/cm3)
oil = Hydrocarbon density (g/cm3)
EL = Hydrocarbon that lost/expelled from the system
Note :
Light oil density : less than 0.87 g/cm3 ( greater than 31.1 API )
Medium oil density : 0.87 to 0.92 g/cm3 (31.1 to 22.3 API )
Heavy oil density : 0.92 to 1 g/cm3 ( 22.3 to 10 API)
Extra-heavy oil density : greater than 1 g/cm3 ( less than 10 API)

* Tissot and Welter (1984)

ORIGINAL HYDROGEN INDEX

* Jarvie et al. (2007)

 ORIGINAL HYDROGEN INDEX

HIo = Hydrogen Index original

HI = Current Hydrogen Index
ST = expressed as fraction of the kerogen present
TR = Transformation Ratio

TR=PI=
S1/S1+S2

*waples (2000)
ORIGINAL TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)

HIo
TOCo
= 1176

TOCo = Original TOC (wt%)

HIo = Original Hidrogen Index (mg/g TOC)

* Jarvie
(2012a)
 Expelled and Trapped Hydrocarbon

Expelled Hydrocarbon

EHC = Volume generated hydrocarbon X

Expulsion efficiency

Volume Trapped Hydrocarbon

TrH = Volume expelled Hydrocarbon X

efficiency of migration and accumulation

Expulsion Efficiency for oil = 50% , for gas 80%

Efficiency migration and accumulation = 10-20%
* Moshier and Waples (1985)
 UNCONFORMITY

1. Regional Unconformity : Unconformity event that happened regional

at one or more region. This regional unconformity can lead to
erosion (missing Section) at some area and/or hiatus in another
area.

2. Local unconformity : Unconformity event that happened locally,

This kind of unconformity also lead to erosion but with insignificant
missing section. The cause of this kind of unconformity can be uplift
or basin subsidence (relative sea level rise).

Local unconformity very helpful to us to build our chronos-tratigraphy

but will ruin our 3D modeling, since in current version of software,
once we entered the unconformity event, the software will run the
unconformity to the whole area. For that reason we only bring
regional unconformity to 3D Modeling

Missing Section can be identified by age gap at biostrat stratification,

Multiple Ro trend, jumped data at sonic.
 UNCONFORMITY

Estimate missing section thickness

? Thickness of missing
section 3400-2900m
= 500m

Same method can be applied to sonic wireline log, since sonic have
similar respond to unconformity (data jumped) due to abrupt litology
compaction.
 MIGRATION
Hydrocarbon generation is chemical process controlled mainly by
temperatures while Migration of hydrocarbon is controlled by the
physical-chemical condition of the sediment strata the oil is moving
through.
PRESSURE : continuous physical force exerted on or against an
object by something in contact with it.
1. Hydrostatic Pressure, is the weight of fluid column
corresponding to the interconnected network of water-filled
pores from given depth up to the sediment surface

2. Lithostatic Pressure is caused by the weight of the rock above

formation pressing down the rocks below. Also called overburden
pressure.
Oil Pressure gradient : 0.25-0.35
psi/ft
Gas Pressure gradient : 0.14 psi/ft
or less
Any deviation
Water from hydrostatic
Pressure gradient : 0.4-0.55pressure is called abnormal
pressure. This can be overpressure or underpressure.
psi/ft
Overpressure caused by the inability of pore fluids to escape from
porous rocks in proportion with the overburden load.
 MIGRATION
POROSITY AND
PERMEABILITY
Porosity : volume of void spaces as percentage of given total volume of
rock.

1. Pore percentage = Higher porosity percentage more and more

accumulated fluid per volume.
Primary Porosity : porosity inherited from deposition process of a
sediment
Secondary Porosity : Generated porosity because of external factor or
post sedimentation process.
Dissolution reaction and porosities caused by tectonic processes are
factor that can enhanced or decrease percentage of primary porosity.
2.Permeability
Pore size = :Smaller pore
Ability of size(water,
fluids more difficult hydrocarbon
oil and gas) to migrate
to pass through
porous rocks.

The relationship between porosity and permeability is highly

variable and depends mainly on rock type.
 MIGRATION

Primary Migration : Movement of hydrocarbon along fine-grained

source rock into coarser-grained reservoir rock, also know as
Expulsion.

Secondary Migration : Movement hydrocarbon through coarse-

grained rock into trap.

Tertiary Migration : Hydrocarbon movement from trap to trap or

trap to surface.
 PRIMARY MIGRATION

The Mechanism of Expulsion/Primary migration is still the subject to

debate

One method is Porosity Saturation :

Key for this method this hydrocarbon will expels from its pore (Organic
pore) to reservoir pore only if it reached above certain saturation
threshold.

1. As Maturation progresses, kerogen is transformed to oil. The

generated oil fills pore spaces created by the destruction of kerogen.

2. Oil fills the pore spaces.

Overpressure caused by the conversion kerogen to oil and gas create

microfractures and expel the fluid phase.
PRIMARY MIGRATION

First Stage (Immature stage) :

No oil has been formed as yet. The
porosity of the rock is entirely filled by
water, which gradually expelled by
compaction

Second Stage (Early Hydrocarbon

generation) :
This oil is formed at the expense of
kerogen. Water still the great majority
fluid in the porosity and continues to be
expelled, while the oil is not yet
expelled.
Third Stage (More advance on
Hydrocarbon generation) :
Since more oil generated and at some
point overcome the saturation threshold
an the water has largely been expelled it
become sufficient to be expelled.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION

The driving forces for secondary migration :

Buoyancy : Upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of

an immersed object. Weight correlate with density.

The greater the volume of interconnected oil-saturated pores, the

more the buoyancy forces increase.

The main resistive forces for secondary migration :

Capillary pressure :

Oil or gas has to overcome in order to displace the water from the
pores of the rock it is trying to penetrate. This displacement
pressure depends very much on the size of the pore throats.

Buoyancy < capillari pressure =

entrapment
MIGRATION
WORK FLOW
 WORK FLOW
Example of required input parameters (Poelchae et al., 1997) :

1. Rate of subsidence , uplift and deformation of sedimentary basin fill.

2. Depositional condition and types of sediments (sedimentation rates,
environments, organic matter accumulation etc).
3. Age and thickness of all sedimentary strata.
4. Rock properties such as porosity, heat capacity and compressibility.
5. Fluid properties (in water, oil and gas) such as composition, density,
viscosity, etc.
6. Thermal history of the basin.
7. Kinetic of organic matter transformation in source rocks.
8. Hydrodynamics and condition for fluid redistribution.
9. Trap formation (structural, stratigraphic and their timing)