Optical Engineering

By
B Suresh

Department of ECE

KL
University
Lecture 4
Modes of Fiber
 Can =1 possible?

Why not we increase NA by increasing n1

and decreasing n2 ?

Minimum value of n2 = 1 (for air)

So, What is the use of cladding?
 Can =1 possible?

Any ray launched inside the acceptance
cone will get totally internally reflected and
hence guided in the medium.

If we launch a pulse, the pulse energy

divided into different rays and travel
different distances before reaching to the
end of fiber
 Can =1 possible?

(-)

BW = 1/

For high data rate, broadening should be

as small as possible.
As , so must be minimum.
i.e.,
Broadening of pulse is called Dispersion
 Can =1 possible?

So,

For sensors : must be maximum

For communication : must be
minimum.
i.e. -

Calculate the BW for

= where, L = 100Km, = 1.5
 Modes of fiber
Number of ray of a particular pulse a
fiber can guide is called Modes of fiber
or propagation mode

Mode describes the distribution of

light(pulse) energy across the fiber.

Broadening of pulse due to different

modes of propagation is called Inter-
modal dispersion.
How to reduce the Modes of fiber?
 Types of fiber

Optical fiber can be divided into the

basis of
a) Mode of propagation: Single mode
and
Multi mode
b) Optical Fiber Index Profile
 Optical Fiber Index Profile

Index profile is the refractive index

distribution across the core and the cladding
of a fiber.
Step-index fiber: The core has one
uniformly distributed index and
the cladding has a lower uniformly
distributed index.
 Optical Fiber Index Profile

Graded index fiber:

Refractive index varies gradually
as a function of radial distance
from the fiber center.
E.g. Power-law index profiles
and parabolic index profiles.

Application: To reduce the

Pulse broadening due to
inter-modal dispersion.
 Optical Fiber Index Profile
Tailored Profiles:
Types of fiber