HEAT TRANSFER

CONVECTION
 Convection
A fluids density will change when its
temperature changes (through
conduction)
This density change can create
movement within the fluid
Warmer fluid is usually less dense,
and will rise
Cooler fluid will rush in to take the
place of the rising, warmer fluid
This mixing is called convection
 Types of Convection
The previous slide describes the
process of free or natural convection
Using a pump or fan to assist in the
mixing process is called forced
convection
The daily weather is determined
mostly by natural convection in the
troposphere and the oceans
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction
is the flow of heat by direct contact between a
warmer and a cooler body.

Convection
is the flow of heat carried by moving gas or liquid.
(warm air rises, gives up heat, cools, then falls)

Radiation
is the flow of heat without need of an intervening
medium.
(by infrared radiation, or light)
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 Convection
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from
place to place by the bulk movement of a fluid (gas or
liquid).

Convection currents are set up when

a pan of water is heated.
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 Convection
It explains why breezes come from the ocean in the day
and from the land at night

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Convection helps to make the
Earth liveable as it removes
excess heat from the Earth and
transporting it high up into the
atmosphere.
Convection: Newtons Law of Cooling
Flowing fluid at Tfluid

Heated surface at Tsurface

.
Q conv. = h A (Tsurface Tfluid)

Area exposed

Heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2.K)

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Convection: Newtons Law of Cooling
Flowing fluid at Tfluid

Heated surface at Tsurface

. Tsurface Tfluid
Q conv. =
1/(hA)

Convective heat resistance11(in K/W)

 Example 4
The convection heat transfer coefficient between a surface at 50oC and
ambient air at 30oC is 20 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat flux leaving the
surface by convection.
Solution: Use Newtons Law of cooling :
.
Flowing fluid at Tfluid = 30oC Q = h A (Tsurface Tfluid)
conv.
= (20 W/m2.K) x A x (50-30)oC
Heated surface at Tsurface = 50oC
Heat flux leaving the surface:
.
Q
conv.
= 20 x 20 = 400 W/m2
h = 20 W/m2.K A

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 Example 5
Air at 300C flows over a flat plate of dimensions 0.50 m by 0.25 m.
If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2.K, determine
the heat transfer rate from the air to one side of the plate when the
plate is maintained at 40C.
Solution: Use Newtons Law of cooling :
Flowing fluid at Tfluid = 300oC .
Q = h A (Tsurface Tfluid)
conv.
Heated surface at Tsurface = 40oC = 250 W/m2.K x 0.125 m2
x (40 - 300)oC
= - 8125 W/m2
h = 250 W/m2.K
Heat is transferred from
A = 0.50x0.25 m2 the air to the plate.
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 Forced Convection
In forced convection, a fluid is forced by external forces
such as fans.

In forced convection over external surface:

Tfluid = the free stream temperature (T), or a
temperature far removed from the surface

In forced convection through a tube or channel:

Tfluid = the bulk temperature

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 Free Convection
In free convection, a fluid is circulated due to buoyancy
effects, in which less dense fluid near the heated surface rises
and thereby setting up convection.

In free (or partially forced) convection over

external surface:
Tfluid = (Tsurface + Tfree stream) / 2
In free or forced convection through a tube or
channel:
Tfluid = (Tinlet + Toutlet) / 2
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 Change of Phase Convection

Change-of-phase convection is observed with

boiling or condensation
.
It is a very complicated mechanism and
therefore will not be covered in this course.

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Overall Heat Transfer through a Plane Wall
Fluid A
at TA > T1 T
. .
Q Q
T Fluid B
at TB < T2
x
x
. TA T1 T1 T2 T2 TB
Q = = =
1/(hAA) x/(kA) 1/(hBA)
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Overall Heat Transfer through a Plane Wall

. TA T1 T1 T2 T2 TB
Q = = =
1/(hAA) x/(kA) 1/(hBA)

. TA TB
Q =
1/(hAA) + x/(kA) + 1/(hBA)
.
Q = U A (TA TB)
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient given by
1/U = 1/hA + x/k + 1/hB
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Overall heat transfer through hollow-cylinder

Fluid A is inside the pipe ro

Fluid B is outside the pipe
TA > TB Ti r
i

To
L
.
Q = U A (TA TB)
where
1/UA = 1/(hAAi) + ln(ro/ri) / 2kL + 1/(hBAo)
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 Example 6
Steam at 120oC flows in an insulated pipe. The pipe is
mild steel (k = 45 W/m K) and has an inside radius of 5
cm and an outside radius of 5.5 cm. The pipe is covered
with a 2.5 cm layer of 85% magnesia (k = 0.07 W/m K).
The inside heat transfer coefficient (hi) is 85 W/m2 K, and
the outside coefficient (ho) is 12.5 W/m2 K. Determine the
heat transfer rate from the steam per m of pipe length, if
the surrounding air is at 35oC.
Solution: Start with
.
Q = U A (TA TB) = U A (120 35)
What is UA?
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 Example 6 continued
1/UA = 1/(hAAi) + ln(ro/ri) / 2kL + + 1/(hBAo)

1/UA = 1/(85Ain) + ln(5.5/5) / 2(45)L

+ ln(8/5.5) / 2(0.07)L + 1/(12.5Aout)

Ain = 2(0.05)L and Aout = 2(0.08)L

1/UA = (0.235 + 0.0021 +5.35 + 1) / 2L

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 Example 6 continued
UA = 2L / (0.235 + 0.0021 +5.35 + 1)
.
Q = U A (120 35)
steel air

= 2L (120 35) / (0.235 + 0.0021 +5.35 + 1)

steam insulation
= 81 L
.
Q / L = 81 W/m

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