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ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 3
WATER TREATMENT
OBJECTIVE
In the end of this chapter the student should be able
to :
Identify the water supply sources
Explain the main principles of water supply and
water treatment processes
3.1 WATER QUALITY
As consumers, we expect our water to be both
esthetically pleasing and safe to drink.
Water that does not impart a taste or odor and is,
therefore, pleasant to drink, is called palatable.
Water that is free of chemicals, microorganisms,
and other contaminants, and is, therefore, safe to
drink, is called potable.
We expect our water to be both palatable and
potable.
The following four categories are used to describe
drinking water quality:
1. Physical : Physical characteristics relate to the
quality of water for domestic use and are usually
associated with the appearance of water, its color
or turbidity, temperature, and in particular, taste
and odor.
2. Chemical : the chemical characterization of
drinking water includes the identification of its
components and their concentrations.
3. Microbiological : Microbiological agents are
important to public health and may also be
significant in modifying the physical and chemical
characteristics of water.
4. Radiological : Radiological factors must be
considered in areas where the water may have come
in contact with radioactive substances. The
radioactivity of the water is of public health concern.
Consequently, in the development of a water supply
system, it is necessary to examine carefully all the
factors that might adversely affect the intended use of
water supply source.
3.2 WATER RESOURCES
1.Surface water - water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland.
Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitationand
naturally lost through discharge to theoceans, evaporation,
evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
. Although the only natural input to any surface water system is
precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in
that system at any given time is also dependent on many other
factors.
. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and
artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soilbeneath these
storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the
watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation
rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water
loss.
THE WATER CYCLE AND GROUNDWATER
Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface
water from another watershed through a canal or pipeline. It can
also be artificially augmented from any of the other sources listed
here, however in practice the quantities are negligible. Humans can
also cause surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable)
through pollution.
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose may be solids
separation using physical such as settling and filtration, chemical such as disinfection
and coagulation.
Biological processes are also employed in the treatment of wastewater and these
processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand
filters.
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Objectives for the Developments of a Water
Treatment System
Production of Safe
Drinking Water
Minimize the cost of
supply of safe drinking
water
Bring water to rural
communities
Factors considered at the treatment process
selection
Quality of raw water
Use for the processed water
Treatment and quality desired for the water
Size and capacity of the system
Cost of processes
Processes for Water Treatment
i)STORAGE
) Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir called a clear well to allow time for the
chlorine to mix throughout the water in order to disinfect it. The water then flows into
the distribution system.
) Effects of storage:
Oxidizing action
)Chemical: Organic matter Nitrates, Free Ammonia
Aerobic bacteria, dissolved O2
Coagulant aid :
Polyelectrolytes
Lime alkalinity
addition
pH correction : lime,
sulphuric acid
vi) SOFTENING
Water softeners will remove nearly all the calcium and
magnesium from the raw water during the softening process.
Groundwater dissolves rocks and minerals releasing calcium
and magnesium ions that cause water to be hard. These
dissolved ions give hard water its characteristics.
Hardness to characterize a water that does not lather well,
causes a scum in the bath tub, and leaves hard, white, crusty
deposits on coffee pots, tea kettles and hot water heaters.
The failure to lather well and the formation of scum on bath
tubs is the result of the reactions of calcium and magnesium
with the soap.
The ion exchange process is a common method for
water softening process and illustrated in figure
below.
Potent germicide
- High oxidation potential
- Residual in distribution system
- Chloramine can do the same but is a less powerful oxidant
Chemical control
- Iron and manganese removal
- Oxidation of SOCs
Problems with chlorine!
Hazardous material
- Difficulty in transportation, handling and storage
Pungent compound
- Disagreeable taste and odor
- Dermal and eye irritation
Radial System
Ring System
Methods of water distribution
2. Pumping system
1. Surface reservoirs
2. Elevated reservoirs
Surface reservoirs
Elevated
Conversion :
tank
1 PSI (pound per square inch) =
2.31 ft
118 ft
2.31 ft = 1 PSI
118 ft = 118 ft/2.31 ft x 1 PSI
= 51.1 PSI
Booster
EXAMPLE 2
A new house is being built at an elevation of 561 ft. With existing
boosters, you may pump up to an elevation of 497 ft. if you are
required to provide a minimum pressure of 30 PSI to the house, at
what water elevation will the houseSolution:
have the required pressure.