Chapter 21: Magnetic Properties

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What are the important magnetic properties?

How do we explain magnetic phenomena?

How are magnetic materials classified?

How does magnetic memory storage work?

What is superconductivity and how do magnetic

fields effect the behavior of superconductors?

Chapter 21 - 1
 Generation of a Magnetic Field -
Vacuum
Created by current through a coil:
B0 N = total number of turns
= length of each turn (m)
I = current (ampere)
H H = applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m)
B0 = magnetic flux density in a vacuum
I
(tesla)

Computation of the applied magnetic field, H:

Computation of the magnetic flux density in a vacuum, B0:

B0 = 0 H
permeability of a vacuum
(1.257 x 10-6 Henry/m)
Chapter 21 - 2
 Generation of a Magnetic Field --
within a Solid Material
A magnetic field is induced in the material
B
B = Magnetic Induction (tesla)
applied inside the material
magnetic
field H B = H
permeability of a solid
current I

Relative permeability (dimensionless)

Chapter 21 - 3
 Generation of a Magnetic Field -
within a Solid Material (cont.)
Magnetization M = mH
Magnetic susceptibility
(dimensionless)

B in terms of H and M B = 0H + 0M
Combining the above two equations:
B = 0H + 0 mH
B m > 0 = (1 + m)0H
vacuum m = 0 permeability of a vacuum:
(1.26 x 10-6 Henry/m)
m < 0 m is a measure of a materials
magnetic response relative to a
H vacuum
Chapter 21 - 4
 Origins of Magnetic Moments
Magnetic moments arise from electron motions and the

spins on electrons.
magnetic moments
electron electron

nucleus spin Adapted from Fig. 21.4,

Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

electron orbital electron

motion spin
Net atomic magnetic moment:
-- sum of moments from all electrons.

Four types of response...

Chapter 21 - 5
 Types of Magnetism

(3) ferromagnetic e.g. Fe3O4, NiFe2O4

(4) ferrimagnetic e.g. ferrite(), Co, Ni, Gd
( m as large as 106 !)
B (tesla)

(2) paramagnetic ( m ~ 10-4)

e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr
vacuum (m = 0)
(1) diamagnetic (m ~ -10-5)
e.g., Al2O3, Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn

H (ampere-turns/m)

Plot adapted from Fig. 21.6, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Values and materials from Table 21.2 and discussion in
Section 21.4, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Chapter 21 - 6
 Magnetic Responses for 4 Types
No Applied Applied
Magnetic Field (H = 0) Magnetic Field (H)

opposing
(1) diamagnetic

none
Adapted from Fig.
21.5(a), Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.

random

aligned
(2) paramagnetic Adapted from Fig.
21.5(b), Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.

aligned
aligned

(3) ferromagnetic Adapted from Fig.

21.7, Callister &
(4) ferrimagnetic Rethwisch 9e.

Chapter 21 - 7
 Domains in Ferromagnetic &
Ferrimagnetic Materials
As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains
change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
B sat
H
H Fig. 21.13, Callister &
induction (B)

Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from O. H. Wyatt
H Domains with and D. Dew-Hughes, Metals,
Magnetic

Ceramics and Polymers,

aligned magnetic Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1974. Reprinted

H moment grow at with the permission of the

Cambridge University Press.)
expense of poorly
aligned ones!
H
0 Applied Magnetic Field (H)

H=0
Chapter 21 - 8
 Hysteresis and Permanent
Magnetization
The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon

B
Stage 3. Remove H, alignment
remains! => permanent magnet!
Stage 4. Coercivity, HC
Negative H needed to
demagnitize!
Stage 2. Apply H,
align domains
Adapted from Fig. 21.14,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
H
Stage 1. Initial (unmagnetized state)

Stage 6. Close the

Stage 5. Apply -H, hysteresis loop
align domains

Chapter 21 - 9
 Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials

Hard magnetic materials: B

-- large coercivities
-- used for permanent magnets
-- add particles/voids to

Hard
inhibit domain wall motion

Soft
-- example: tungsten steel --
Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m) H

Soft magnetic materials:

-- small coercivities
-- used for electric motors
-- example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe

Fig. 21.19, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

(From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and
J. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science
and Engineering. Copyright 1976 by
John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Chapter 21 - 10
 Magnetic Storage
Digitized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to

and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk)

This transference is accomplished by a recording system that
--consists
write orofrecord
a read/write head a
data by applying
magnetic field that aligns domains
in small regions of the recording
medium
-- read or retrieve data from
medium by sensing changes
in magnetization

Fig. 21.23, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

Chapter 21 - 11
 Magnetic Storage Media Types
Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media):
-- CoCr alloy grains (darker regions)
separated by oxide grain boundary Fig. 21.24, Callister
segregant layer (lighter regions) & Rethwisch 9e.
(Courtesy of Seagate
-- Magnetization direction of each Recording Media)

grain is perpendicular to plane of

disk

Recording tape (particulate media):

Fig. 21.25, Callister

& Rethwisch 9e.
(Courtesy of Fuji Film
Inc., Recording Media
Division)

-- Acicular (needle-shaped) -- Tabular (plate-shaped)

ferromagnetic metal alloy ferrimagnetic barium-ferrite
particles particles Chapter 21 - 12
 Superconductivity
Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds
Mercury

Copper
(normal)

Fig. 21.26, Callister &

4.2 K Rethwisch 9e.

TC = critical temperature
= temperature below which material is superconductive
Chapter 21 - 13
 Critical Properties of
Superconductive Materials
TC = critical temperature - if T > TC not superconducting
JC = critical current density - if J > JC not superconducting
HC = critical magnetic field - if H > HC not superconducting

Fig. 21.27, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

Chapter 21 - 14
 Meissner Effect
Superconductors expel magnetic fields

normal superconductor
Fig. 21.28, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.

This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet

Chapter 21 - 15
 Advances in Superconductivity
Research in superconductive materials was stagnant
for many years.
Everyone assumed TC,max was about 23 K
Many theories said it was impossible to increase TC
beyond this value
1987- new materials were discovered with TC > 30 K
ceramics of form Ba1-xKxBiO3-y
Started enormous race
YBa2Cu3O7-x TC = 90 K
Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox TC = 122 K
difficult to make since oxidation state is very important
The major problem is that these ceramic materials are
inherently brittle.

Chapter 21 - 16
 Summary
A magnetic field is produced when a current flows
through a wire coil.
Magnetic induction (B):
-- an internal magnetic field is induced in a material that is
situated within an external magnetic field (H).
-- magnetic moments result from electron interactions with
the applied magnetic field
Types of material responses to magnetic fields are:
-- ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic (large magnetic susceptibilities)
-- paramagnetic (small and positive magnetic susceptibilities)
-- diamagnetic (small and negative magnetic susceptibilities)
Types of ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic materials:
-- Hard: large coercivities
-- Soft: small coercivities
Magnetic storage media:
-- particulate -Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape)
-- thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa (hard drive)
Chapter 21 - 17
 ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:

Core Problems:

Self-help Problems:

Chapter 21 - 18