Tense means time.

Tense, in actual usage, refers

consistently only to grammatical forms. Often
tense and time do not correspond at all. Verbs in
the present tense, for example, can indicate
future time. Lisa is walking out of the room
indicates an activity at the moment of speaking,
whereas He leaves for Europe soon clearly implies
future time, the time indicator being the adverb.

In addition to denoting time relationships, the

verb tenses may indicate whether an activity has
been completed, has extended over a period of
time, or is still in progress.

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 TENSES
PRESENT
- everyday, I eat breakfast at 6.30.
- nanda is eating breakfast now.
- she has been eating breakfast for almost 10 minutes.
- her mother has eaten breakfast.
PAST
- this morning, I ate breakfast at 7.00.
- Nanda was eating breakfast when I called her at 7.00 yesterday.
- she had been eating breakfast for almost 15 minutes before I came to
pick her.
- she had eaten breakfast and left the house before 8.00.
FUTURE
- tomorrow, I will eat breakfast at 8.00.
- Nanda and Taro will be eating breakfast when you get their house at
6.00 tomorrow.
- I think, they will have been eating breakfast for 15 minutes by 9.15.
- I am sure that they will have eaten breakfast before 9.30 tomorrow.

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PRESENT PERFECT WITH JUST, YET AND
ALREADY

we often use the present perfect with the

adverbs just, yet and already:
1. we use JUST for very recent events; JUST goes
after the aux verb have. The taxi has just
arrived
2. we use YET when we are expecting something
to happen; YET normally goes at the end of a
clause. They havent finished dinner yet.
3. we use ALREADY when something has
happened sooner than expected; ALREADY
normally goes after the aux verb have.
wheres Kate? Shes already left.
ALREADY can also go at the end of a clause
for emphasis. Shes left already; Ive done it
already. NSK/MAKASSAR/2015
PRESENT PERFECT & PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT & PAST SIMPLE
Present perfect Past perfect
I havent eaten I hadnt eaten all
all day today, so day yesterday, so I
Im very hungry was very hungry
now. when I got home.
Past Perfect Past simple
when Sue arrived, when Sue arrived,
we had had dinner. we had dinner.
(We had dinner, (Sue arrived, then
then Sue arrived) we had dinner)
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 PAST CONTINUOUS & PAST SIMPLE
we often use the past continuous and past simple together in a
sentence.
I was driving along when suddenly a child ran across the road.
(past cont.) (past simple)

The past cont. Describes a longer action or situation which was in progress at a
past time; the past simple describes a shorter action which happened in the
middle of the longer action, or interupted it.

When we tell a story. We often use the past cont. To describe a background scene and the past
simple for events and actions.

I was standing outside the bus station. It was getting late and I was feeling tired. I was
waiting for a man called Johnny Mars. Suddenly, a woman came round the corner and walked
right up to me. Are you Mr. Marlowe? she asked.

But to say one thing happened after another, we can use the past simple.
When Kate came home Ken When Kate came home,
was making some tea.
Ken made some tea.
(Ken was in the middle of
making some tea. Then Kate
(Kate came home. Then Ken
came home) made some tea)
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FUTURE: WILL & GOING TO
we use both will and going to in predictions about the future,
but there is a difference :

a) We use will to talk a) We use going to to talk

about where we think about something in the
or believe will happen future which we can see
as a result of something
in the future
in the present.

The boat doesnt look very safe. Itll Look at that boat! Its going to
sink in that heavy sea. sink.
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FUTURE: WILL & GOING TO
we use will and going to in predictions about the future, but there is a difference (a)
we use both will and going to to talk about what we intend to do, but there is a
difference (b)

Dont climb up that tree. Youll fall Look out! Youre going to fall!
and hurt yourself.

b) We use will when we decide to b) We use going to when we have

do something at the moment of already decided to do
speaking something
oh dear! Ive spilt some wine on why have you moved all the
my jacket. Dont worry, Ill furniture out of this room? Im
clean it for you. going to clean the carpet.
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 Verbs not used in the continuous
Some of the most important verbs which are not normally used in
the continuous forms:
Verbs of thinking
think (=believe), see (=understand), imagine, believe, recognize,
forget, understand, suppose, mean, know, remember, realize
I think youre right. (Not: Im thinking...)
Verbs of feeling
like, dislike, hate, love, prefer, want, wish
I like this music. (Not: Im liking...)
Other verbs
have (=possess), include, sound, own, cost, belong to, deserve

SIMPLE USES
I think youre right. (think=believe)

CONTINUOUS USES
Ssh! Im thinking. (thinking=use the mind)
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 DEGREE OF COMPARISON
Positive Degree As
as+adj+as (Judy is as tall as Martin), not as/so+adj++as
(Judy isnt as /so tall as Carla)
e.g. She is as intelligent as I am, She is as proud as a
peacock, He is nearly as clever as his uncle
Comparative and superlative: 1 syllable (-er, -est), 2
syllable (more, most. Some can take either er/-est or
more/most politer/more polite).
After comparative we often use than taller than, more
important than.
We normally use the with superlative the tallest, he most
beautiful. (in with places Mount Everest is the highest
mountain in the world)

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 Using comparatives: much/a lot/far/a little/a
little bit to modify comparative adjectives and
adverbs.
Tom is much/a lot/far older than I am (Not: Tom
is very older than I am).
Repeating a comparative (double
comparatives): to say things are changing (it
increases in intensity, quality, or quantity)
Its getting colder and colder
Life in the modern world is becoming more and
more complex
The water is becoming less and less rough
The ... The with comparatives (double
comparatives): to say that things change or
vary together. NSK/MAKASSAR/2015
 PASSIVE VOICE
The boy hit the ball
Subject verb Object
doing receiving
action action
The ball was hit (by the boy)
Object Passiv Subject
receiving e verb doing
action action
Passive voice the speaker wants to hide
the agent or obsecure what occur; to focus
readers attention on specific words or for
varietys sake.
Only transitive verbs!
To be = auxiliary!
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 Passive Voice Patterns
Kalimat pasif bentuk simple present tense dan simple
past tense
To be ( is, am, are, was, were ) + V3
Kalimat pasif berbentuk continuous
To be ( is, am, are, was, were ) + being + V3
Kalimat pasif bentuk perfect
Have/has/had + been + V3
Kalimat pasif bentuk perfect continuous
Have/has/had+ been + being + V3
Kalimat pasif dengan modal
Modal + be + V3

Perfect Continuous Passives (have/has/had+been being+past

participle) are very uncommon. The Heinemann: English
Grammar, 100:1992
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 A: the wind is rippling the water.
P: the water is being rippled by the wind.
A: the child will open the parcel.
P: the parcel will be opened by the child.
P: the wine was ordered by the dealer.
A: the dealer ordered the wine.
P: the deer could have been killed by the
poacher.
A: the poacher could have killed the deer.
A: the guide will show you the museum.
P: you will be shown the museum by the guide.
P: the museum will be shown to you by the guide.
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NOTE:
The passive voice clause can be confusing or
unclear, especially in long sentences.
My car has been driven to Dallas.
(By whom? By the speaker? By a car-thief? By the
teletubbies?)
(A)He is driving to the airport. (P) He is being driven
to the airport

Generally, weavoidusing thecontinuousform of

thepassivewith thefuture,present perfect,past
perfectandfuture perfect, althoughpresent
continuousandpast continuousare
quitecommonand sound quite natural in the
passive voice.
'This buildinghas beenunder
NSK/MAKASSAR/2015
construction for
 THE PASSIVE WITH BY &
WITH
By + Agent (= subject of an active sentence)
A: Marconi Invented the radio.
P: The radio was invented by Marconi.
A: The strong winds blew down a number of trees.
P: A number of trees were blew down by the strong winds.

We only use by+agent when it is important to say who or what is

responsible for something.

With + Instrument
We use with to talk about an instrument which is used by the agent to
do
something. Compare:
I was hit with an umberlla. I was hit by an old lady.

With + Material
we also use with to talk about materials or ingredients.
The room was filled with smoke. Irish coffee is made with whiskey.
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 Participial Adjectives
The present participle serves as an
adjective with an active meaning.
The noun it modifies performs an
action.
The noise is annoying

The past participle serves as an

adjective with a passive meaning
She is annoyed.

NSK/MAKASSAR/2015
 QUESTION TAGS
The meaning of a QT depends on the intonation:
a.If we are asking a real question, we use a raising
intonation (the voice goes up)
eg. You havent seen my keys, have you-?
(=have you seen my keys)
b. But if we are sure of the answer and we are only
asking the other person to agree with us, we use
a falling intonation (the voice goes down)
eg. Its cold today, -isnt? (=its cold, dont you
agree?)

NSK/MAKASSAR/2015
 QUESTION TAGS
The question tag for I am is arent I? (I am not..., am I?). Formal am I not
After imperatives, we can use the QT :
will/would you? And can/cant/could you? to tell or ask people to do things
Wont you? to invite people to do things
After negative imperative, we use will you?
After lets we use shall we? To make suggestions
We use they in QTs after somebody/someone, everybody/everyone and
nobody/no one
We use it in QTs after nothing
We can use there as a subject in QTs
If the main clause has have got, we use have in the question tag You
havent got a stamp, have you?
If there are two or more aux verbs, we use the first aus in the QT he
hasnt been waiting long, has he?
If the main part of the sentence doesnt have an auxiliary verb, the
question tag uses an appropriate form of do. Eg. I said that, didnt I?,
She eats meat, doesnt she?
NSK/MAKASSAR/2015
 Must in Question tag
When we use must with the idea of obligation we
use musnt to make the tag question
When we use must with the idea of
assumption/deduction we use another auxiliary verb
do make the tag question such as to be or do/does
Example:
1. You have worked a lot. You must be tired, arent
you?
2. She must be the new teacher, isnt she?
(assumption)
3. I must leave now, mustnt I? (obligation)

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Wy study?

THE MORE I STUDY, THE MORE I

KNOW.
THE MORE I KNOW, THE MORE I
FORGET.
THE MORE I FORGET, THE LESS I
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references

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