172799 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN CHEMISTRY BGY2001 (BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT) 1. Introduction Traditional energy Increase demand Limited resources of the fossil fuels Coal, oil, and gas as dominant sources Renewable energy Continue flows of energy Widely used for industrial One of them is Solar radiation (infinite source) Cleaner environment 2. Environmental problems Massive consumption has a negative impact The greenhouse effect linked to the CO2 in the atmosphere.20th century Conc. CO2 from 280 ppm to 350 ppm. (Houghton, 2004)
Gases (CO2,SOX,NOX) are produced from burning of the fossil fuels
Plants and algae that grew by taking
in CO2 (Eutrophication) 3. Objectives To determine the effenciency of solar cell on environmental issues To identify the different between photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical cell 4. Solar energy Directly into the chemical energy or electrical energy (P. Salvador et al. 1996) Sun delivers 1.2 10^14 kW energy on the Earth Several ways can be collected Photovolatic Photoelectrochemical (PV) (Solid State) solar cells, such as conventional SINGLE CRYSTAL Solar (PEC)solar cells (Becquerel. 1839). (Liquid) Cells (Chapins et al. 1975). Current flow by conversion energy p-n junction is formed between solid and a from sunlight liquid layer Irradiation by light of appropriate frequency p-n junction is formed between two on an electrode in contact with suitable solid layers electrolyte (M.A.Russak et al. 1980) PEC & PV solar energy Advantages Disadvantages Environmentally friendly PV cannot operate without light No emissions Large area needed for large scale applications PV operates even in cloudy weather High initial costs that overshadow the conditions low maintenance costs Electricity is generated wherever there - is light or solar No use of fuels and water -
Long lifetime, up to 30 years -
(Halls, J.J et al. 2001)
5. Market and Applications o Low cost thin-film solar cells successfully achieved in laboratory efficiency light conversion typical used for commercial o Consumer products (watches, calculators etc), roofs and outer walls of buildings o Cost of solar electricity depends on performance PV module o 1997 0.5 billion US$ of PV modules As costs & technology ,more markets be captured, leading to production & further cost reduction o 2010 Current predictions show a 6 billion US$ global market for PV systems (Mero Zeman, 2011) Source: http://www.google .com.my 6. Improve cost of solar 1. Concentrator These are mirrors that concentrate the suns energy to improve efficiency (C. Jayewardena et al. 1998) 2. Hybrid solar system Combine solar with other forms of energy to make reliability higher and cost cheaper (Solar-wind) 7. Conclusion Solar energy can be used to power electronic appliances while not polluting the environment The expanded use of energy can have a positive impact on job creation in the technology nowadays Other than that, this would bring solar electricity to allow people represents an enormous market 8. References 1. Halls, J.J. and R.H. Friend, Organic Photovoltaic devices, in Clean electricity from photovoltaics, M.D. Archer and R. Hill, Editors. (2001). 2. P. Salvador, A.M. Chaparro and A. Mir, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100(2) (1996). 3. Gregg, B.A., Excitonic solar cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, (2003). 4. Photoelectrochemistry and Photovoltaics of Layered Semiconductors. Ed. by A. Aruchamy, Kluwer, Academic Publishers Dordrecht-Holland/Boston, U.S.A., (1992). 5. C. Jayewardena, K. P. Hewaparakarma, D. L. A. Wijewardana and H. Guruge., Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells, (1998) Halls, J.J. and R.H. Friend, Organic Photovoltaic devices, in Clean electricity from photovoltaics, M.D. Archer and R. Hill, Editors. (2001)
P. Salvador, A.M. Chaparro and A. Mir,
J. Phys. Chem., 100(2) (1996) Click icon to add picture