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Earthquake Engineering
Based on AS/NZS 1170 Part 5:
Earthquake Actions New Zealand
Eric Lee
More than 14 years working experience in Engineering Consultancies
Graduated from University of Auckland, New Zealand in 2002
Technical Director of NAL Engineers
Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng) Institute of Professional Engineer New Zealand (IPENZ)
International Professional Engineer (IntPE (NZ))
Over 3 years working as the structural coordinator for KVMRT Line One, Northern Elevated Section
Experience on high rise projects up to 40 storeys high
Over 8 years working in New Zealand
Over 6 years working in Malaysia
Seismic design experience includes 13 storey hospital in Vietnam, warehouse up to 55,000 sq ft
geothermal power stations, educational facilities, and water retaining structures up to
300,000 cubic ft
Programme
Programme
1. Spectral Shape
2. Ductility
3. Importance Factor
4. Subsoil Class
5. Natural Period
6. Modal Response Spectrum
7. Equivalent Static Method
9. Lateral Force Method
10.Typical Earthquake Resisting
System Examples
11.Case Studies
12.Q & A
Causes of Earthquake
Tectonic Plates Plate Movement
What is Seismic Engineering Design?
It is NOT a percentage of G
The general misconception is that you can design by giving a standard
coefficient of 10/15/23.25% of gravity to the structure
Concrete structures
Rigid (typically elastic)
Lower energy dissipation
Greater force/loads
Shear walls (lift core)
Ductility
Ch(T) = 3.0
Z = 0.3
R = 1.0
N(T,D)= 1.0
C(T) = 0.9
Equivalent Static Method
Horizontal Design Action Coeff Typical Christchurch Earthquake
C(T1) = 0.9
Sp = 0.7
Equivalent Static Method
Horizontal Design Action Coeff Typical Christchurch Earthquake
km = (3-1) x 0.4 + 1
0.7
= 2.14
Equivalent Static Method
Horizontal Design Action Coeff Typical Christchurch Earthquake
C(T1) = 0.9
Sp = 0.7
km = 2.14
Cd(T1) = 0.29 g
Equivalent Static Method
Horizontal Seismic Shear, V (Base Shear)
Cd(T1) = 0.29 g
Dead load
Assume 250 slab + (partitions 1.0kN/m 2; floor area 40 x 40)
Cd(T1) = 0.29 g
Live load
Cd(T1) = 0.29 g
Wi = 11,920kN
hi = 3, 6, 9, 12 m to each floor
Equivalent Static Method
Equivalent Static Horizontal Force
Sum Wi hi = 357,600
Equivalent Static Method
Equivalent Static Horizontal Force
G + Qc + EQ
Qc caters for vertical live load during a seismic event not the same as seismic weight per
floor
T = 0.4 s
ag = 0.08 g (according to clause 3.2.1(4), ag = 0.08; g1 is related to importance
level; agR is up to each nation)
TB/C/D = 0.2s to 0.8s (say ground type D)
S = 1.35
h = 1 (damping factor, h = 1 for 5% viscous damping)
G + Qc + EQ
Qc caters for vertical live load during a seismic event not the same as seismic
weight per floor
Design resolutions
Isolate link bridge to separate both towers
Base isolation reduced seismic load by 30%
Steel portal frame with possibility to increase
ductility to 6
Case Study 2 Sir James Wattie, Christchurch
Scope of works Structural analysis for the
repair and upgrade of an earthquake damaged
55,000 sq ft warehouse
Clients brief
No site welding
Summary
Seismic engineering is NOT a magical percentage of gravity
It is dependant on:
Soil type rock, reclaimed land etc
Lateral load resisting system steel frame, concrete frame, shear wall
The importance level of a building
The Natural Period of a building
Summary
Modal response
Iterative process by assuming an initial Natural Period, then finding the deflection for the initial
Period and recalculating the new Period
Limits of Equivalent Static Method
Height is less than 10m, or
Period is less than 0.4s, or
Structure is not irregular (number of criteria) and largest Period is less than 2s
Limits of Lateral Force Method
Lateral resisting system is continuous from top to bottom, and
Lateral stiffness and mass is the same or gradually reduces, and
Building setback is allowed given a number of criteria
Summary
Equivalent Static Method - Steps
Find the spectral shape factor/coefficient, taking into account
Period
Subsoil Class
Site hazard (related to potential seismic event size)
Return Period and Importance Level
Near Fault Factor
Deflection;
ULS drift limit at 2.5% of floor height
SLS for portal frames limit at spacing/200
Summary
Lateral Force Method - Steps
Find which Response Spectra formula to use
TB, TC, TD
Ground acceleration, ag
Soil factor, S
Damping factor, h
Deflection;
Lateral drift limit for buildings having non-structural brittle elements, limit at 0.005 h
Lateral drift limit for buildings having non-structural ductile elements, limit at 0.0075 h
Note that the load can be reduced by a 10 year return factor
THANK YOU
& Questions?