APPLIED

PROTECTIVE
RELAYING SEMINAR
Applied Protective Relaying
Seminar

PROTECTIVE RELAYS HAVE BEEN

CALLED THE WATCHDOGS OR
SILENT SENTINELS OF A
POWER SYSTEM

2
Applied Protective Relaying
Seminar Outline
I. Fundamental Principles of Protective Relaying
II. Instrument Transformers for Protective Relaying
A. Current Transformers
B. Potential Transformers
III. Relay Application
A. Generator Protection
B. Transformer Protection
C. Bus and Switchgear Protection
D. Motor Protection
E. Feeder Protection

3
Applied Protective Relaying
Seminar
REFERENCES:
General Electrics The Art and Science of Protective
Relaying by C.R. Mason
Westinghouses Silent Sentinels
IEEE Standard 242 Recommended Practice for
Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial
Power System ( Buff Book )
IEEE Standard 141 Recommended Practice for Electric
Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (Red Book)
Fluor Daniels Practices on Protective Relaying (available
from the Electrical Community of Knowledge On Line)

4
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

A. Functions of Protective Relaying :

1. To cause the prompt removal from service of any
element of a power system when it suffers a short
circuit.
2. To cause the prompt removal from service of any
element of a power system when it starts to operate
in any abnormal manner that may cause damage or
otherwise interfere with the effective operation of
the rest of the system.
3. To provide indication of location and type of failure.

5
 I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

STN. B
STN. A

2 3 6

G 1

T1
4 5 7

Line fault

6
 I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying
When CB #1 trips, system under frequency ( < f ) may happen.
To correct this abnormal system condition, CB #4 must trip to shed load.
STN. A STN. B

T1

G1 1 2 3 4

TRIPS TRIPS

G2 5 6 7 8

T2

7
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

B. Parts of a Protective Relaying System :

1. Instrument transformers
2. AC circuit wiring
3. Protective relays
4. DC voltage supply
5. Power circuit breaker.

8
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

B. Parts of a Protective Relaying System :

Current
Transformer
AC Current
RELAY

Potential Transformer

AC Voltage

DC Trip Signal
CB
CIRCUIT BREAKER
( CLOSED POSITION )
DC
Supply
LINE

9
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying
C. Zones of Protection :
A fundamental principle of relaying is to divide
the power system into protective zones that can
be protected adequately with minimum amount
of system disconnected. The power system is
divided into protective zones for :
Generator Medium Voltage Bus
Transformer Transmission Line
High Voltage Bus Distribution Line

10
 I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

STN. A ER STN. B
RM
S FO
R AN TRANSMISSION LINE

DISTN LINE
OR

T
AT
ER

2 3 4 5
N
GE

T1
TRIPS
G 1

DISTN LINE
6 7 8 9

TR
AN T2
SF TRANSMISSION LINE
MEDIUM VOLTAGE BUS O HIGH VOLTAGE BUS
RM
ER

11
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

C. Zones of Protection :
Generator
Medium Voltage Bus
Transformer
Transmission Line
High Voltage Bus
Sub - transmission or distribution line

12
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

D. Primary and Back Up Relaying :

Primary relaying provides the first line of
defense within the protected zones. It trips the
associated breaker/s in its zone.
Back up relaying functions when the primary
relaying fails. It trips the adjacent breakers in
the zone/s surrounding the faulty section.

13
 I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

3 6
STN. B
STN. A

2 5 9

G 1

7 8 9

14
 I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

3 6
STN. B
STN. A

2 5 9

G 1

7 8 9

15
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

E. Overlapping of Protection :
Protection in each zone is overlapped to avoid
the possibility of unprotected areas. This is
done by overlapping adjacent protective
zones on one side of a circuit breaker.

16
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

E. Overlapping of Protection:
H.V. Bus For Bus Protection

CB

For Line Protection

LINE

17
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

F. Characteristics of Protective Relaying

Reliability. The ability of the relay or relay
system to perform correctly when needed
(dependability) and to avoid unnecessary
operation (security). Relays must operate in
response to trouble in their protected zone
and block correctly if trouble is outside.

18
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

F. Characteristics of Protective Relaying

Speed. Refers to the minimum operating
time of a relay. As applied to a protective
relay, high speed indicates that the operating
time usually does not exceed 50 ms ( 3
cycles on a 60 hz. system ). The term
instantaneous indicates that no delay is
purposely introduced in the operation.

19
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying
F. Characteristics of Protective Relaying
Selectivity. Refers to the maximum service
continuity with minimum service
disconnection. It must be able to select between
those conditions for which prompt no operation,
or time delay operation, is required.
Simplicity. Refers to minimum equipment and
circuitry.
Economics. Refers to maximum protection at
minimum cost.

20
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

G. Operating Principles
Electromagnetic attraction. Operate by
virtue of a plunger being drawn into a
solenoid, or an armature being attracted to
the poles of an electromagnet. Such relays
may be attracted by d-c or a-c quantities and
is used for instantaneous or high speed
tripping.

21
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

G. Operating Principles
Electromagnetic induction. Uses the
principle of the induction motor whereby
torque is developed by induction in a rotor.
This principle applies only to relays actuated
by alternating current. Time overcurrent, time
undervoltage relays commonly are of the disk
design, while cup ( cylinder ) structures are
often found in high speed overcurrent,
directional, differential and distance relays.

22
I. Fundamental Principles of
Protective Relaying

G. Operating Principles
Static. Relays of this type are either analog or
digital. Static analog relays were typically
designed to emulate the characteristics of
their electromechanical counterparts. Soon
digital

23
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Transforms line current into values suitable for
for standard protective relays.
Has two windings, designated as primary and
secondary, which are insulated from each
other.
The primary winding is connected in series
with the circuit carrying the line current to be
measured.

24
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
The secondary winding is connected to
protective devices, instruments, meters or
control devices.
The secondary winding supplies a current in
direct proportion and at a fixed relationship to
the primary current

25
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
SAFETY PRECAUTION
An important precaution with respect to CTs
is that they should never be operated with
the secondary circuit open because
hazardous voltages may result. Any CT that
has been subjected to open secondary circuit
operation should be examined for possible
damage before being placed back in service.

26
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Four common types of CTs
a. Wound CT - has a primary winding consisting of
one or more turns mechanically encircling the core.
b. Bar CT - has a fixed, insulated, straight conductor
in the form of a bar, rod, or tube that is a single
primary turn passing through the magnetic circuit &
assembled to the secondary winding.

27
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Four common types of CTs
d. Window CT - has no primary winding. The
secondary winding is insulated from the core. Primary
winding is provided by conductors passing through the
window.
e. Bushing CT - has no primary winding. This is
typically used on bushings of transformers and circuit
breakers. The secondary winding is typically multi-ratio

28
Instrument Transformers

29
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Current Transformer Ratio ( CTR )
a. The standard rated secondary current of a
CT in all instances is 5 A.
Examples :
Single ratio - 100 : 5
100 - rated primary current
5 - rated secondary current

30
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Current Transformer Ratio ( CTR )
Examples :
Double ratio with series - parallel primary
windings - 100 x 200 : 5
Double ratio with taps in the secondary
winding - 100 / 200 : 5

31
Instrument Transformers

32
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Polarity
Polarity marks designate the relative
instantaneous direction of current. At the
same instant that the primary current is entering
the marked primary terminal, the corresponding
secondary current is leaving the similarly marked
secondary terminal having undergone a
magnitude change within the transformer.

33
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Polarity
The primary and secondary polarity terminals
are marked with white dots, or white
squares or symbol, or with H1
( primary ) and X1 ( secondary ).

34
Instrument Transformers

35
Instrument Transformers

36
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Polarity
CTR = 100:5

Primary current
enters polarity side
100 A
PRIMARY POLARITY MARK
SECONDARY POLARITY MARK

Secondary current leaves

polarity side

5A
To relay

37
 Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Polarity
CTR = 200:5

If primary current
enters non - polarity
side 100 A
PRIMARY POLARITY MARK
SECONDARY POLARITY MARK
Then secondary current
will leave non - polarity
side

2.5 A
To relay

38
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
General Considerations for Application
a. Continuous Current Rating :
The maximum continuous current rating
should be equal to or greater than the rating
of the circuit in which the CT is used.
For example, a 600:5 CT would be
recommended for use on a circuit with a full
load current of 400 A.

39
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
General Considerations for Application
b. Continuous Thermal Current Rating
Factor
It identifies the amount of current that can be
carried continuously without exceeding the
limiting temperature rise from 300 C ambient.
For example, a 100:5 CT with a rating factor of
1.5 may be operated up to current levels of
150:7.5.

40
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
General Considerations for Application
c. Nominal System Voltage
CTs are typically designed to operate
continuously at 10% above rated nominal
system voltage.

41
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Connections
CTs are usually connected on three phase circuits in one
of three ways, as follows:
a. Wye connection. A CT is placed in each phase with
relays connected in either two or three CT secondaries to
detect phase faults. On grounded four-wire systems, a
relay may be placed in the CT common wire known as a
residually connected relay.

42
Instrument Transformers

43
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Connections
b. Vee connection. This is basically a wye
connection with one leg omitted, using only two
CTs. It detects three-phase and two-phase to
phase faults. A zero sequence CT and a ground
relay are required to detect ground fault currents

44
Instrument Transformers

45
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Connections
c. Delta connection. Uses three CTs with the
secondaries connected in delta before the
connections are made to the relays. Delta
connection is typically used for transformer relaying.
When connected in delta, the current in the relay is
equal to 1.73 times the CT secondary current.

46
Instrument Transformers

47
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Saturation
Since a current transformer has a magnetic core,
it may not have a linear operating characteristic
over the desired operating range of primary
current. This results in a variation of ratio and
phase angle between primary and secondary
currents for different values of primary current.
This phenomenon is called saturation.

48
Instrument Transformers

49
Instrument Transformers

50
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Saturation
Factors that affect saturation of CTs:
1. Magnitude of AC current
2. DC transient current
3. Burden
4. CT accuracy class

51
Instrument Transformers

52
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Burden
In CT terminology, it is the load connected to
the secondary terminals. Manufacturers
publications give the burden of relays, meters,
etc. from which the total CT burden can be
calculated.
The lead resistance as well as CT winding
resistance shall be included in determining the
total CT burden.

53
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Burden may be expressed as:
1. Volt amperes and power factor @ a
specified value of current
2. Total ohms impedance and power factor
3. Ohms of resistance and reactive
components

54
Instrument Transformers

55
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Accuracy
Protective relay performance depends on the
accuracy of the CTs not only at load currents
but also at all fault current levels.
Accuracy can be visualized as how closely
the secondary current wave shape
resembles the primary current wave shape.

56
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Accuracy
The IEEE Std. C57.13-1993 designates the
relaying accuracy class by using one letter,
either C or T and the classification number
C means that the percent ratio correction can
be accurately calculated. Bar , window,
bushing - type with uniformly distributed
windings are of this type of classification.

57
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Accuracy
T means that the percent ratio correction has
been determined by test. Wound type CT and
those without uniformly distributed windings
are of this classification.

58
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Accuracy
Classification number indicates the
secondary terminal voltage that the
transformer delivers to a standard burden.
Standard designated secondary terminal
voltages are 10V, 20V, 50V, 100V, 200V, 400V
and 800V.

59
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Accuracy
Example : Accuracy class = C 200
C - %ratio correction can be calculated and
does not exceed 10% at any current from 1
to 20 times the rated secondary current
at a standard burden of 2.0 ohms.
200 - standard secondary terminal voltage at
a burden of 2 ohms.

60
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Accuracy
Ratio correction factor. Refers to that factor
by which the marked ( or nameplate ) ratio of
a current transformer must be multiplied to
obtain the true ratio.

61
Instrument Transformers

62
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Steps for Determining Performance of CT
a. Determine the CT secondary burden
b. Determine the voltage necessary to pass
100A through the relay
c. Determine whether the CT can develop this
voltage and whether the excitation current is
less than 10% of the secondary current.

63
Instrument Transformers

A. Current Transformers ( CT ):
Example of CT Performance Check :
Given :
a. CTR = 600 : 5 with excitation curve as shown.
b. Overcurrent relay with a burden of 520 va @ 0.61pf.
c. Wire resistance = 1.72 ohms / 1000 ft. @ 1.0pf. Length =
50 ft.
d. CT secondary resistance = 0.298 ohms @ 1.0pf

64
Instrument Transformers

B. Potential Transformers ( PT ) :
A potential transformer steps down the line
voltage into values suitable for relays, meters.
It is basically a conventional transformer with
primary and secondary windings on a
common core. Most PTs are designed to
provide 120 V at the secondary terminals
when nameplate rated voltage is applied to
the primary.

65
Instrument Transformer

66
Instrument Transformers

67
Instrument Transformers

68
Instrument Transformers

69
Instrument Transformers

70
Instrument Transformers

71
Instrument Transformers

72
Instrument Transformers

73
Instrument Transformers

74