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 TOPIC

Satellite communication

Prepared Guided by:

by:
BIRENDRA NAMRATA
KUMAR BANSAL
ECE 3rd year LECTURER
1412631002
 Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basics
3 Applications of Satellites
4 Frequency Allocation of
Satellites
5 Types of Orbits
6 Examples
7 Advantages
8 Disadvantages
9 Conclusion
 Introduction
Satellites are specifically made
for telecommunication purpose.
They are used for mobile
applications such as
communication to ships,
vehicles, planes, hand-held
terminals and for TV and radio
broadcasting.
Satellite: In astronomical terms,
a satellite is a celestial body
that orbits around a planet.
 Basics
The orbits could be elliptical or circular.
Rotation time depends on the distance
between the satellite and the earth.
For satellites following circular orbits,
applying Newtons
gravitational law:
Fg (attractive force) = mg (R/r)2
Fc (centrifugal force) = mr2
= 2f
Where, m= mass of the satellite
g= gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
R= radius of the earth (6,370 kms)
r= distance of the satellite to the center of
earth
= angular velocity of satellite
f = rotational frequency
 Basic contd
Inclination
The inclination angle
(figure 1.1) is defined
between the equatorial
plane and the plane
described by the
satellite orbit. An
inclination angle of 0
degrees means that the
satellite is exactly
above the equator. If the
Figure 1.1: Angle of
satellite does not have a
Inclination
circular orbit, the
 Basic contd
Footprint
The elevation angle
(figure 1.2) is defined
between the centre of
the satellite beam and
the plane tangential to
the earths surface. A
so called footprint can
be defined as the area
on earth where the Figure 1.2: Angle of Elevation
signals of the satellite
can be received.
Applications

Weather Forecasting
Radio and TV
Broadcast
Military Satellites
Navigation Satellites
Global Telephone
Connecting Remote
Areas
Global Mobile
Communication
 Types of Orbits
Geostationary or
geosynchronous earth
orbit (GEO)

Low Earth
Orbit(LEO)satellites:

Medium Earth Orbit

(MEO) satellites:

HEO (Highly Elliptical

Orbit).
 GEO
GEO satellites are
synchronous with respect
to earth. Looking from a
fixed point from Earth,
these satellites appear to
be stationary. These
satellites have almost a
distance of 36,000 km to
the earth.
All radio and TV, whether
satellite etc, are launched
in this orbit
 MEO
The satellites of medium earth
orbit lies between 8000 km to
18000 km above the surface of
the earth. The satellites of
medium earth orbit work in a
similar manner like the satellites
of low earth orbit.

These satellites move more slowly

relative to the earths rotation
allowing a simpler system design
(satellite periods are about six
hours). Depending on the
inclination, a MEO can cover larger
populations, so requiring fewer
handovers.
 LEO
A low earth orbit is a type of a
circular orbit about 200 meters
above the surface of the earth
and it corresponds a time period
of about 90 minutes to revolve
around the earth. The satellites
orbiting in the low earth orbit are
less expensive to launch when
compared with the satellites in
the geostationary orbit. The
Iridium and Globalstar are the
twp satellite constellations the
aimed to furnish satellite phone
services to the remote areas.
These satellites are mainly
used in remote sensing an
providing mobile
communication services (due
 HEO
This orbit is made for satellites that do not
revolve in circular orbits, only a very few
satellite are operating in this orbit.
 Examples
INTELSAT
International Telecommunication
Satellite:
Created in 1964
Over 140 member countries
More than 40 investing entities
Early Bird satellite in 1965
Six (6) evolutions of INTELSAT
satellites between 1965-87
Geostationary orbit
Covers 3 regions:
U.S DOMSATS
Domestic Satellite
In geostationary orbit
Over 140 member countries
Direct-to-home TV service
The upper limit of EIRP:
High power (60 dBW),
Medium (48 dBW), and
Low power (37 dBW).
 Advantages
It has high channel capacity
along with low error rates.
It has the stable cost
environment and covers a wide
area.
Transmission cost of a satellite
is independent of the distance
from the center of the
coverage area.
Satellite-to-satellite
communication is very precise.
Higher bandwidths are
Disadvantages

The launching of the satellite is

very expensive.
It requires expensive ground
stations.
It has limited frequency spectrum
and orbital space.
It requires constant monitoring
from the ground.
 Conclusion
Satellite communications, no longer a
marvel of human space activity, have
evolved into an everyday,
commonplace thing. By 2010, satellite
systems will represent well over $100
billion of investment and provide an
essential ingredient to many
businesses and governments
worldwide. Nearly all television
coverage travels by satellite, today
reaching directly to the home from
space.
Even in the age of wideband fiber
 Future scope
A large gap remains between public
expectations for mobile communications
("anytime, anywhere") and the available
technology.
Over the next 10 years or so, market
forces will fill this gap by developing new
technologies for commercial wireless
communications.
As a result of the non-uniformity of rain
rate distribution along radio propagation
path, the concept of effective path length
or an equivalent rain cell has used in
overcoming this problem. Modeling of
THANKS