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Development
1
Outline
Attachment
Early emotional development
Temperament and personality
2
Theories
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Erikson
Trust versus Mistrust
Helping the infant get its needs met consistently
Social relationships go beyond feeding
3
Theories
John Bowlby: Attachment theory from
Ethological Perspectives
+ who?
+ When?
+ Biological parents / grandparents / adoption /domestic
helper
5
Harlows experiment:
6
The Parents Attachment to the Infant
Synchrony ( )
7
The Parents Attachment to the Infant
8
The Parents Attachment to the Infant
12
The Infants Attachment to the Parents
Attachment Behaviors
Stranger Anxiety ( )
Cling to mother when strangers are
present
Separation Anxiety ( )
Infants cry and protest when separated
from mother.
Social Referencing ( )
Use cues from caregiver facial expressions
Helps to figure out novel situations
Helps to learn to regulate emotions
13
How is attachment assessed in infants?
Mary Ainsworths Strange Situation
Strange situation episodes Infants behavior
14
4 classifications of infant attachment
a. Secure (65%): Freely explore in
caregivers presence; visibly upset when
caregiver leaves; effectively soothed by
caregiver at reunion
b. Insecure-avoidant/detached (20%):
Active exploration with little attention to
caregiver; little or no distress at reunion;
ignore or avoid caregiver at reunion;
may show more positive behavior with
stranger
15
c. Insecure-resistant/ambivalent (10-
15%): Remain close to caregiver when
present; thoroughly distressed by
separation; mix of proximity seeking
and angry behavior at reunion
d. Disorganized/disoriented (5%):
Confused, contradictory behavior;
dazed, fearful facial expressions; frozen
postures
16
Stability of Attachment Quality
17
Questions to Ponder
18
Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment
Factors influencing secure attachment
Emotional Responsiveness
Emotional availability
Caregiver who is able and willing to form
an emotional attachment
Contingent Responsiveness
Caregivers who are sensitive to the
childs cues and respond appropriately
19
Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment
Factors influencing secure attachment
Psychiatric Illness
Depressed mothers interact less
20
Attachment Quality: Long Term Consequences
The Securely Attached
More sociable
More positive in relationships with friends
Less clinging and dependent on teachers
Less aggressive and disruptive
More emotionally mature
Continues into adolescence
More likely to be leaders
Have higher self-esteem
21
Attachment Quality: Long Term Consequences
Cognitive Development:
Age 2: Secure babies more enthusiastic,
persistent, curious, exploratory; higher level
symbolic play with mother
Age 7: In task where mother encouraged them to
read,
securely attached children less distractible,
paid more attention to mother, required less
discipline.
This is a Vygotsky-type study: Cognitive
development occurs in a social context with
adults.
22
Social Development: Age 1-3: More
positive emotions, more empathy,
less aggressive, socially skilled, more
friends.
Follow-up at Age 11: children
securely attached as babies were
more confident, more socially
competent, higher self-esteem;
23
Peer relations: Securely attached children spent more
time with peers. Form friends with other secure
children.
Internal Working Model is proposed as mechanism: 5-
year-old Children who are insecurely attached are
more likely to interpret an ambiguous event (bumping
into another child) as done with hostile intent
Securely attached children also better at
understanding emotions and regulating their
emotions.
They recall more positive emotional experiences,
while insecurely attached children recall more
negative experiences.
24
Attachment Quality: Long Term Consequences
The Securely Attached
25
Questions to Ponder
26
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Attachment
Categories
27
Figure 6.1 Cross-Cultural Comparisons of
Attachment Categories
28
Topics for discussion
Early attachment to later love
relationship/parenting your own children
Hong Kongs special issue: children
cared by maid
29
Early Emotional Development
Displaying Emotions
Sequencing of Distinct Emotions
At birth; interest, distress, disgust,
contentment
2-7 months; anger, sadness, joy, surprise,
fear (all basic emotions)
Middle of second year; embarrassment,
shame, pride, guilt, envy
Self-recognition and self-evaluation
30
Figure 11.1 Young infants display a variety of emotional expressions.
31
Table 11.1 Summary of Age of Appearance of Different Emotions
32
The Beginnings of Specific Emotions
Smiling
33
Girls smile more than boys' could be
evolved bias to greater social interest;
this results in more social interaction
for girls.
35 Social
30
Visual
25
20
Tactile
15
10 Auditory
5
0
4-6 7-9 10-12
36
Individual differences in fearfulness
Relation to Temperament?
Contextual Features
Stranger characteristics
37
Stranger anxiety
- Fear of stranger
- Emerges in 6-7 months
- Peaks in 8-10 months
- Declines over 2nd year
38
Separation anxiety
- Fear of being away from caregiver
- Emerges by end of 1st year
- Peaks in 14-20 months
- Declines over preschool years
39
Social referencing
Use of another persons emotional
reaction as guidance for ones own
responses, especially in unfamiliar
situations (8-10 months)
Visual Cliff Study: Babies attend to mothers
emotional expressions to get information on
what to do.
40
41
The Beginnings of Specific Emotions:
Pride, Guilt, Jealousy, and Shame
42
Children recognizing themselves (percent) Whats That On My Nose?
80
70
60 Lewis &
Brooks-
50 Gunns study
40
Amsterdams
study
30
20
10
0
9-12 15-18 21-24
Age (in
months)
43
Fig. 3
True guilt emerges only in middle
childhood, around age 9 when children
have a clear sense of personal
responsibility
47
What is Personality?
An individuals characteristic patterns of
thought, emotion, and behavior, together
with the psychological mechanisms
hidden or notbehind those patterns
48
Types of personality
assessment
Projective tests
Rorschach inkblot
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Other more objective tests, for example
Big Five
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
Cattells sixteen traits
Big Five personality traits
Longitudinal research suggests some
stability
Emerge during middle childhood
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Early temperament and
later personality
References
Textbook
Funder, D. C. (2010). The Personality
Puzzle. New York: W. W. Norton.
54