DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT

(SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT)

Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Prof. A.B. GUPTA OM PRAKASH
MNIT, JAIPUR RAMKISHOR YADAV
TRILOK CHAND
GUPTA
VIJAY PAL OLA
 WHY DO WE NEED A SEWER SYSTEM?

Each time we flush the toilet or wash sth down the

sink's drain,we create sewage (also known in polite
society as wastewater).
One question that many people might ask is, "Why
not simply dump this wastewater onto the ground
outside the house, or into a nearby stream?" There
are three main things about wastewater that make it
sth you don't want to release into the environment:-
 It stinks. If you release wastewater
directly into the environment, things get
very smelly very fast.

It contains harmful bacteria. Which

causes health hazard.

It contains suspended solids and

chemicals that affect the
environment.
 SEPTIC TANK
INTRODUCTION
CONSTUCTION DETAIL
DESIGN
WORKING
CLEANING
INSTALLATION TIPS
POTENTIAL PROBLEM
ENVIROMENT ISSUES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
 INTRODUCTION
In rural areas where
houses are spaced so
far apart that a sewer
system would be too
expensive to install,
people install their
own, private sewage
treatment plants.
These are called
 A septic tank is a key component of the septic
system or sewer system.
In North America approximately 25% of the
population relies on septic tanks; this can include
suburbs and small towns as well as rural areas
Septic tanks are generally installed by isolated
communities like schools, hospitals & institutions.
Septic tank may be defined as primary sedimentation
tank.
Having capacity to remove 60 to 70% dissolved
matter.
 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Tank is designed to prevent directs currents
between the tank inlet and outlet.
T-pipes or baffles at inlet & outlet with
submerged ends to stop currents and retaining
the scum.
Manhole covers are provided in top slab to
permit inspection & maintenance.
 Anearobic decomposition
Organic materials +Nutrients CH4+ CO2 + NH3+H2S+
Biomass
 Top of tank is covered with RCC slab.
Sometimes stairs steps are also provided.
Provide vent pipe to escape foul gases.
Side sump-well with portable pump.
Two Compartment Septic Tank.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CAPACITY OF SEPTIC TANK:-capable of
storing sewage flow during detention period
&extra volume of sludge for .5 to 3 yrs.
INLET AND OUTLET TEES

DETENTION PERIOD:- 12 to 36 hrs

(adopted 24hrs)
LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO:- Length is 2

to3 times of width.


WORKING
Sewage enter through the Inlet.
There are three layers
1. Anything that floats rises to the top and forms a
layer known as the scum layer.
2. Anything heavier than water sinks to form the
sludge layer.
3. In the middle is a fairly clear water layer. This body
of water contains bacteria and chemicals like
nitrogen and phosphorous that act as fertilizers,
but it is largely free of solids.
Organic matter is digested by bacteria.
Digestion of settled sludge is carried out by
ANAROBIC DECOMPOSITION also called sludge
digestion.
Due to decomposition foul gases are produced
thus mass of sludge is decreased.
BOD of water also decreased .
 The water in the tank is not pure water, it is
called gray water because it still contains
organic materials that need to be filtered
out.
As more water enters from influent the
water level inside the septic tank rises and
gray water will exit through effluent.
 CLEANING
Prevention is better than cure
Regular septic tank cleaning is the only way to

prevent septic tank systems from clogging and well.

Pumping is only way of cleaning.

Frequency of cleaning depends on volume of

solids, amount of indigestible solids and the

ambient temperature.
 So there is no rule of thumb
because period of cleaning very from
few months to so many yrs.
Generally this very from 6months to
4-5 yrs.
Sludge from tank disposed after
drying.
 INSTALLATION TIPS
According to vastu the location of the septic
tank should be such north west corner
under any condition.
Do not construct the septic tank higher than
the plinth level of the building. The best bet
would be to construct it at ground level.
The septic tank should be at least 2 feet
away from the wall or plinth.
 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Oils and grease are difficult to degrade can cause
the inlet drains to block.
Flushing non-biodegradable items (cigarette butts
& cotton buds) clog a septic tank.
Chemicals (pesticides, herbicides)and inorganic
materials(paints or solvents)damage the working
of a septic tank.
Roots from trees may clog and rupture them.
 Excessive water entering the system will overload it and cause it
to fail.

Septic tanks by themselves are ineffective at removing nitrogen

compounds that can potentially cause algal blooms in receiving
waters

All toilet paper are not suitable to dispose in septic tank(some

toilet paper was specifically marked as suitable for use in septic
systems and some was not).
 ADVANTAGES
Ease in construction.
No maintenance problem(except periodical cleaning).

Excellently functioning ST can considerably reduce

suspended solids &BOD from sewage.

Due to digestion reduction in volume is about 60%

&reduction in weight is about 30%.

It is suitable for isolated community.
 It is a completely passive system.

Small area required.

Low initial & operation cost.

Effluent from ST is disposed without much trouble.

 DISADVANTAGES
IfST is not properly functioning, effluent will
be very foul &dark.
Leakage of gases from top cover of ST may

caused bed smells &environmental

pollution.
Periodical cleaning, removal and disposal of

sludge remains a tedious problem.

 DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
Ways of disposal of effluent are:-
1. Soak pit.
2. Sub-surface irrigation
3. Leaching Cess-pools.
4. Treated in trickling filters
5. Recycling.
 SOAK PIT TANK

INTRODUCTION
DESIGN
WORKING
ADEQUACY
HEALTH ASPECTS
MAINTENANCE
ADVANTAGES & DISADAVANTAGES
WHY WE
NEED
SOAK PIT
TANK ?
 REASON

The water in the septic tank is not

pure, it is called grey water because it
still contains organic materials that
need to be filtered out.
 INTRODUCTION
A Soak Pit is a covered, porous-
walled chamber that allows water to
slowly soak into the ground. Pre-
settled effluent from septic tank is
discharged to the underground
chamber from where it infiltrates into
the surrounding soil.
 DESIGN

A layer of sand and fine gravel is

spread across the bottom to help
disperse the flow.

Depth should be between 1.5 and 4m

deep, but never less than 1.5m above
the ground water table.
The Soak Pit is filled with coarse
rocks and gravel.

The rocks and gravel will prevent

the walls from collapsing, but will
still provide adequate space for the
wastewater.
A-masonry ring
B-stone or brick
aggregate
C-brick chamber
D-30cm thick outer
casing with coarse
sand
E-effluent from septic
tank
 WORKING
As wastewater percolates through the
soil from the soak pit , small particles are
filtered out by the soil matrix and
organics are digested by micro-organism.
Soak pit are best suited to soils with good
absorptive properties; clay, hard packed
or rocky soils are not appropriate.
 ADEQUACY
A Soak Pit does not provide adequate
treatment for raw wastewater and the pit
will clog quickly.

A Soak Pit should be used for discharging

pre settled black water or grey water .
Soak pits are appropriate for
rural and suburban settlements.

They depend on soil with a

sufficient absorptive capacity.
They are not appropriate for
areas that are prone to flooding
or have high groundwater
tables.
 HEALTH ASPECTS
The technology is located underground
and thus, humans and animals should
have no contact with the effluent.
The Soak Pit is located a safe distance
from a drinking water source (ideally
30m).
The Soak Pit is odourless and not
visible.
 MAINTENANCE
the effluent should be clarified or filtered well to
prevent excessive build up of solids.
The Soak Pit should be kept away from high-traffic
areas.
Particles and biomass will clog the pit so need to
be cleaned or moved.
For future access a removable lid should be used
to seal the pit.
 ADVANTAGES
Can be built and repaired with locally
available materials.
Small land area required.
Power conservative.
Can be built and maintained with locally
available materials.
Simple technique for all users.
 DISADVANTAGES
Pretreatment is required to prevent
clogging, although eventual clogging
is inevitable.

Negatively affects soil and

groundwater properties.
 SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION

Introduction

Design

Working

Advantages

Limitations
 INTRODUCTIO
Effluent is delivered directly to the
infiltrative surface of the soil using specially
manufactured polyethylene tubing with
built-in turbulent flow emitters.
Subsurface irrigation is a highly-efficient watering
technique.
It reduces outdoor water use by 30 to 40 percent.
 DESIGN
It consist a masonry chamber (Distribution box) where the
effluent of septic tank uniformly distributed an
underground network.
Emitter lines placed on 2 foot centers with a 2 foot emitter

spacing such that each emitter supplies a 4 sq. ft area.

These lines are placed at depths of 6-10 inches below the

surface.
Absorption trench 30 to 90cm wide filled with gravel(15cm

thick) layer and well graded aggregate(15cm thick layer).

Sub-surface Disposal System
 WORKING

Septic tank effluent is allowed to enter into a

masonry chamber (distribution chamber).
from where it is uniformly distributed an

underground network of open jointed pipe ,into

absorption trench called dispersion trenches .
The suspended organic matter present in the

effluent will be absorbed in the absorption

trenches.
The clearer water seeping down to the water-

table may come up to the plant roots throughly

capillarity ,thus fulfilling their irrigation water
demands.
 ADVANTAGES
Health risks are minimized.
The system is easily
automated.
Consumption of nitrates by the
plant material is increased.
The systems are durable and
have a long life.
Disposal of water by means of
evapotranspiration by the
plants is maximized.
 LIMITATIONS

Emitter clogging:-This clogging is usually the

result of insufficient water filtration, lateral
flushing and/or chemical injection.
Salt accumulation
Mechanical damage
Crop establishment
Soil structural effects
 REFRENCES

Guide- Dr. Urmila Brighu, MNIT Jaipur

Sewage Disposal & Air Pollution Eng.

BY S.K.Garg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki.com

http//home.housestuffworks.com

http//septictank.org/wp.com
 Any

Questio
n