ANTIPERSPIRANTS

AND DEODORANTS
We use chemicals to mask or prevent
unpleasant body odors and sweat.
There are two kinds of sweat- eccrine
and apocrine. Eccrine sweat,
produced in eccrine sweat glands (see
Figure 4.3) on almost all parts of the
skin, is the cooling mechanism of your
body.
Figure 4.3 Cross section of skin.
Figure 4.3 Cross section of skin.
Whenever exercise or environment
threatens to raise your temperature,
eccrine sweat is exuded onto skin to
evaporate. Evaporation, being
endothermic, takes away excess heat
energy so that your body temperature
remains fairly constant. Besides water,
eccrine sweat contains some organic
compounds and salts but does not
produce offensive odors.
 Apocrine sweat, however, is a
different story. Apocrine glands
terminate in hair follicles (see Figure
4.3) at only a few places on your body-
your underarms being one of those
locations..
Your nervous system activates these
glands, which secrete liquid in
proportion to the stress you feel.
Although mostly water, about I percent
of apocrine sweat consists of fat,
cellular fragments, and bacteria. When
exposed to the air, bacteria begin to
flourish, producing smelly 'compounds
and hence body odor
 There are five ways products can combat
this body odor:
1. Inhibit the production of apocrine sweat
2. Prevent the sweat produced from
reaching the open air on the skin
3. Kill offending bacteria in the exposed
sweat
4. Decompose foul-smelling substances the
bacteria create
5. Mask odors with more pleasant
fragrances.
Clearly, the most effective actions are at the
top of the list.
The federal government requires that
manufacturers reveal the general action of
their product. If it works by Methods 1 or 2
above, then it can be called an
antiperspirant. If it works by any of the
others, it must be called a deodorant.
Some products with combinations of
ingredients can claim to be both.
 The active ingredient in most
antiperspirants is one of the aluminum
chlorohydrates, A12(OH)5Cl or
A12(OH)4Cl2, or a zirconium-aluminum
salt. These are water-soluble ionic
compounds that produce A13+ ions in
solution. Aluminum ions bind to the ducts
of sweat glands, shrinking the openings
and forming an aluminum-keratin
complex that plugs up many ducts.
The flow of perspiration is reduced or, for
some glands, prevented altogether. In
addition, aluminum chlorohydrates kill
bacteria in the apocrine sweat that does
reach the skin. This pore-clogging action
cannot be used by everyone. Because sebum
glands open up in the same places the
apocrine glands do, both can get obstructed.
For certain susceptible people, rashes (sort
of an underarm acne) can develop.
 Deodorants, which have ingredients to
kill bacteria and absorb, decompose (by
oxidation), or mask odors, are alternatives
for people who are unable to use
antiperspirants. Besides providing a
pleasing aroma, they include ingredients
such as alcohols (which kill bacteria by
dehydrating them) and various phenols
(which kill bacteria by denaturing their
proteins).
 Antiprespirant /deodorant cream

Stearic acid 14.0

Bees wax 2.0
Liquid paraffin 1.0
Tween 80 5.0
Al-chlorhydrate 12.0
Cetrimide 1.0
Water to 100
 Deodorant Stick

Stearic acid 3.4

Sodium hydroxide 0.6
D.water 1.0
Glycerol 7.5
Cetrimide 0.75
Ethanol 75
 Deodorant Stick

Stearic acid 7.5

Sodium carbonate 2.5
Glycerol 88
Cetrimide 1
Water 1
Procedure:
In a porcelain dish
1. Dissolve sodium carbonate in water-glycerol
mixture, and heat on water bath at 75-80 oC.
2. Add stearic acid gradually with stirring on the
water bath until complete soap formation.
4. Remove from water bath and addthe perfume.
5. pour in the container while hot.
 . Deodorant acceptable claims

Absorbent that helps keep you dry

Antiodourant
Controls odour
Deodorant
Fights bad odour
Kills odourcausing bacter
 Deodorant unacceptable claims

Antiperspirant (for products that do not

affect perspiration)
Controls perspiration
Controls sweat
 Antiperspirant acceptable claims

24 hour antiperspirant effect (products

that demonstrate 20% sweat reduction
within a 24hour period)
Antiperspirant
Body responsive
Clinical (qualified as clinical testing)
Clinical protection (must be qualified
with clinically proven extra effective
wetness protection, and must
demonstrate 30% or more sweat
 Antiperspirant acceptable claims

reduction within a period of 24 hours)

Clinically tested/proven/trials
Extra effective (products that
demonstrate 30% or more sweat
reduction within a 24hour period)
Helps keep you dry
Protects against wetness
Reduces (or provides protection
against) underarm perspiration
 Antiperspirant unacceptable claims

Clinical (unqualified)
Clinical protection (unqualified)
Clinical strength/effect/action
Helps check, halt or stop underarm
wetness, dampness or perspiration
Hyperhidrosis
Persistent protection (i.e., usually
significantly greater than 24 hours,
based on a mechanism of action that
modifies organic function)