RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

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Stratified Random
Sampling
Respondents are divided according to
characteristics of interest
These characteristics should be proved

them observation or checking

E.g gender education level, social

economical system, tribe, religion etc.

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Cont
For example:
Consider a class that has 200 students, of

whom 80 are girls and 120 are boys. If a

sample of size 40 is to be drawn for the
population of 200 students, proportionate
stratified sampling will require that the
sampling fraction of 40 = 1 be
maintained
200 5
In both strata (girls and boys).

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Cluster sampling
Respondents are divided according to
geographical description
Then researcher can use simple or

systematic to select from each cluster or

can selected a few clusters from those to
selected respondents

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Non-probability sample
methods
1. Purposive or judgmental
2. Quota
3. Convenient
4. Snowball

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1. Purposive
Respondents are selected according the
researchers judgment
The researchers outline the inclusion and

exclusion criteria.
The respondent to be selected should

(service).
1. Own either mining industries
2. Own either a private primary or secondary
school
3. Own a wealth related business

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Quota
Quota sampling is where each stratum or
cluster is given proportionate size of
respondents
Divided respondents into clusters or stratus
Divided the number of clusters or stratus with the
sample size 386/5= 77.2 (sub-sample). Each
division we take 77 for quota.

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Convenient/ accidental
sampling
Is where the researcher selects who are
near to him/her by accident.
Snowball/ network
sampling
Researcher gets access to one respondent
or a few who direct him/her to another
respondents and another until the sample
size is reached

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Data collection instruments
data is anything given or admitted as a fact
on which a research inference will be based.
An instrument is a tool used to collect data
. The instruments are suitable for different

strategies in research.
Questionnaires
Interview guide (tools of qualitative)
Observation guide or checklist I.e. Materials
Record sheet- secondary data

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Validity and reliability
Validity refers to the extent to which a given
instrument can accurately measure what it
is used to measure
The question here is the instrument you are

using the valid instrument to measure what

you measuring?
To ensure validity there are various methods

used:
Is use of expert judgment

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Cont
The researcher gives instruments to experts
in him/her field and they judge whether the
instrument is valid or not.
The researcher can compute the content

validity from expert judgment called

content validity index (CVI).

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Cont
CVI= number of questions declared valid

Total number of questions

CVI= 30
50
= 0.6
For the instrument to be accepted as valid,

this average index should be 0.7 or above.

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Reliability
Reliability is the degree to which the
instrument consistently measures whatever
it is measuring
A instrument is reliable if it produces the

same results when ever it is repeatedly

used to measure trait or accepts from the
same respondents even the other
researchers.

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Cont
One way to ensure test for reliability is
through test-retest method.
Here the researcher administer the

instrument and the free people and after

period of around two weeks, you administer
it to the same people.
Result of the two test are compared, if they

differ a lot, than the instrument is not

reliable.

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Data collection procedures
Before administration of research instrument
What will you do?
appoint research assistants and brief then about
the sample techniques
Get letter of introduction and deliver them to the
corrected authorities
During administration of research instrument
Brief the respondents about the intention of the study
Ask them to sign the informed consent
Request them to answer all questions and give them
quetionnaire

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Cont
After administration questionnaire
questionnaire retrieval (rescue)
Check for completion of all answer
Arrange for data analysis

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