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To understand the
fundamentals of drives;
you must first understand
the basic fundamentals of
motors . . .
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Rotor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0
45
315
270 90
00 3600
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Heat your coffee in the microwave - the coffee gets a sine wave
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Stick your finger in a wall outlet - you really get a sine wave
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Magnetic Fields:
A magnetic field (fixed or rotating) is aligned between opposite poles. These
can be arbitrarily labeled as North & South or Positive & Negative (or anything
else).
N
North
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines
Of Force
South
(negative)
S
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Conductor (Wire) Passing Thru Magnetic Lines Of Force:
A magnetic field will induce voltage onto a conductor as the conductor passes
through it. A voltage will only be produced if the conductor is actually cutting
through the lines of force. If the conductor is moving parallel to the lines of
force; no lines are cut & no voltage is induced. If the conductor is moving
perpendicular (right angle) to the lines of force; maximum lines are cut and the
maximum (peak) voltage is induced. This phenomenom is called Induction.
N N N
Direction
Direction Of Movement
Of Movement
Direction
WIRE
E
IR
WIRE W
Of Movement
50 50 50
0 100 0 100 0 100
S S S
Parallel Angle Perpendicular
No Lines Cut Some Lines Cut Maximum Lines Cut
No Voltage Induced Some Voltage Induced Maximum Voltage Induced
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
VOLTS
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.
Rotor
Stator
360-0
45
315
270 90
225 135
180
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
Zero Volts
TIME
00
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
V
Zero Volts
TIME
00 - 450
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
Zero Volts
TIME
450 - 900
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
Zero Volts
TIME
900 - 1350
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
V
Zero Volts
TIME
1350 - 1800
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
Zero Volts
TIME
V
1800 -2250
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
Zero Volts
TIME
V
V
2250 - 2700
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
Zero Volts
TIME
V
2700 - 3150
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)
Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force
V
Zero Volts
TIME V
3150 - 3600
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
V
VOLTAGE
00 - 450
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
TIME
450 - 900
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
TIME
900 - 1350
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
V
VOLTAGE
TIME
1350 - 1800
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
TIME
V
1800 -2250
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
TIME
V
V
2250 - 2700
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
TIME
V
2700 - 3150
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.
TIME V
3150 - 3600
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
@ 60 Hz:
60 Full Cycles =
1 second
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
The Faster The RPMs - The Higher The Output Frequency (Hz)
The Slower The RPMs - The Lower The Output Frequency (Hz)
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Interconnected & Synchronized
Utility Grid
Generators Generators
60 Hz Power
Generators Generators
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Generator Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied
Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power
Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
60 Hz Power
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
Pole 1
4 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
Pole 2
4 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
4 Pole Motor
Pole 3
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
Pole 4
4 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
Pole 1
4 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
Pole 2
4 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor
4 Pole Motor
Pole 3
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
Pole 2
Pole 4
4 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:
2 Pole Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).
Motor
Electrical Energy
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).
Motor
10:1 Mechanical
Speed Reduction
Electrical Energy
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).
Motor
ABB
VFD
Electrical Energy
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A variable frequency drive converts incoming 60 Hz utility
power into a continuously variable output that can be quicky
and precisely controlled from zero-to-120 Hz:
AC DC AC
RECTIFIER INVERTER
(AC - DC) (DC - AC)
60 Hz Power Zero - 120 Hz
60 Hz
ABB
VFD
To
Motor
Zero - 120 Hz
Electrical Energy
VFD
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Area Under The Square-Wave Pulses
Approximates The Area Under A Sine Wave
Positive
+
DC Bus
Voltage
Negative -
DC Bus
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
How Often You Switch From Positive
Pulses To Negative Pulses Determines
The Frequency Of The Waveform
Positive
+
DC Bus
Voltage
Negative -
DC Bus
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Frequency = 30Hz
Frequency = 60Hz
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus
Negative -
DC Bus
Motor
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Questions ?????
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