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ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

To understand the
fundamentals of drives;
you must first understand
the basic fundamentals of
motors . . .

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #1- Electrical Generator-


- Shaft Turns Rotor (torque)
Utility Generated AC - Rotor Induces Rotating
Power: Magnetic Field Into Stator
- Stator Is Mechanically Fixed
Commercial utility power is In Place (does not rotate)
generated by rotating Torque
electrical generators that
produce electrical power by
rotating in a circular fashion.
Stator

Rotor

Mechanical Prime Mover-


- Steam Turbine
- Diesel Engine
- Hydro-Driven

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0
45
315

270 90

The Rotating Magnetic Field In The


225 135 Generator Produces Alternating
180 Electrical Current In A Sinusoidal
Fashion (Sine Wave)

00 3600

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Sine-Waves Are Not Complex, Exotic, or Even Unusual.


They Occur In Our Everyday World Quite Routinely.

Throw a rock in a pond - you get a sine wave

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Sine-Waves Are Not Complex, Exotic, or Even Unusual.


They Occur In Our Everyday World Quite Routinely.

Pluck a string on a guitar - you get a sine wave

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Sine-Waves Are Not Complex, Exotic, or Even Unusual.


They Occur In Our Everyday World Quite Routinely.

Heat your coffee in the microwave - the coffee gets a sine wave

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Sine-Waves Are Not Complex, Exotic, or Even Unusual.


They Occur In Our Everyday World Quite Naturally.

Stick your finger in a wall outlet - you really get a sine wave

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Magnetic Fields:
A magnetic field (fixed or rotating) is aligned between opposite poles. These
can be arbitrarily labeled as North & South or Positive & Negative (or anything
else).

N
North
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines
Of Force

South
(negative)
S

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Conductor (Wire) Passing Thru Magnetic Lines Of Force:
A magnetic field will induce voltage onto a conductor as the conductor passes
through it. A voltage will only be produced if the conductor is actually cutting
through the lines of force. If the conductor is moving parallel to the lines of
force; no lines are cut & no voltage is induced. If the conductor is moving
perpendicular (right angle) to the lines of force; maximum lines are cut and the
maximum (peak) voltage is induced. This phenomenom is called Induction.

N N N

Direction
Direction Of Movement
Of Movement
Direction

WIRE
E
IR
WIRE W
Of Movement

50 50 50
0 100 0 100 0 100

VOLTS VOLTS VOLTS

S S S
Parallel Angle Perpendicular
No Lines Cut Some Lines Cut Maximum Lines Cut
No Voltage Induced Some Voltage Induced Maximum Voltage Induced
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Does This Induction Principal Seem Strange, Foreign,


And Not Something You Would Normally Encounter In
Our Real Day-To-Day World ?

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Does This Induction Principal Seem Strange, Foreign,


And Not Something You Would Normally Encounter In
Our Real Day-To-Day World ?

Ever Listen To A Radio ?

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Does This Induction Principal Seem Strange, Foreign,


And Not Something You Would Normally Encounter In
Our Real Day-To-Day World ?

Ever Listen To A Radio ?

Did It Have An Antenna ?

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Does This Induction Principal Seem Strange, Foreign,


And Not Something You Would Normally Encounter In
Our Real Day-To-Day World ?

Is An Antenna Basically A Hollow


Wire ?
Electromagnetic
Lines Of Force

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Does This Induction Principal Seem Strange, Foreign,


And Not Something You Would Normally Encounter In
Our Real Day-To-Day World ?

Isnt This A Good Example Of A


Conductor Cutting Across Electromagnetic
Lines Of Force ? Electromagnetic
Lines Of Force

VOLTS

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A 360 degree rotating electrical
field is induced into the Stator
Shaft windings.

Rotor

Stator
360-0
45
315

270 90

225 135

180

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
VOLTAGE

Zero Volts
TIME

00
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
V
VOLTAGE

V
Zero Volts
TIME

00 - 450
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
V
S
V
VOLTAGE

Zero Volts
TIME

450 - 900
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
V
S
V
VOLTAGE

Zero Volts
TIME

900 - 1350
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
V
VOLTAGE

V
Zero Volts
TIME

1350 - 1800
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
VOLTAGE

Zero Volts
TIME
V

1800 -2250
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
VOLTAGE

Zero Volts
TIME

V
V
2250 - 2700
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
VOLTAGE

Zero Volts
TIME

V
2700 - 3150
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
360-0 N
45 North
315
(positive)

Magnetic
Field Lines 270 90
Of Force

225 135 South


180 (negative)
S
VOLTAGE

V
Zero Volts
TIME V

3150 - 3600
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 1/8th of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .002083 sec.

V
VOLTAGE

00 - 450
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 2/8ths of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .004166 sec.
V
V
VOLTAGE

TIME

450 - 900
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 3/8ths of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .006249 sec.
V
V
VOLTAGE

TIME

900 - 1350
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 4/8ths of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .008333 sec.

V
VOLTAGE

TIME

1350 - 1800
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 5/8ths of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .010416 sec.
VOLTAGE

TIME
V

1800 -2250
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 6/8ths of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .012499 sec.
VOLTAGE

TIME

V
V
2250 - 2700
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 7/8ths of 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .014583 sec.
VOLTAGE

TIME

V
2700 - 3150
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
1 Full Cycle = 1/60th sec.

TIME = 1/60th of 1 sec.


(@ 60 Hz) = .016666 sec.
VOLTAGE

TIME V

3150 - 3600
ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

@ 60 Hz:
60 Full Cycles =
1 second

* One months electrical bill = 157,680,000 cycles of AC power - what a deal.

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

There is a fixed relationship between the speed of the


rotating shaft (and rotor) and the speed of the rotating magnetic field:

Shaft RPMs = Rotational Speed of Magnetic Field

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

There is also a fixed relationship between the speed of the


rotating magnetic field and the output frequency of the generator:

Rotational Speed of Magnetic Field = Generator Output Frequency

Shaft RPMs 60 Hz Power

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

The Faster The RPMs - The Higher The Output Frequency (Hz)

The Slower The RPMs - The Lower The Output Frequency (Hz)

Commercial AC generators are designed to run at a constant


speed (RPMs) that will produce a 60 Hz output.

The shape of this 60 Hz output is a sine wave.

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

60 Hz Power

Prime Mover Generator

Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

A Generator Converts Rotating Mechanical Energy


Into AC (Alternating Current) Electrical Power

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Interconnected & Synchronized
Utility Grid
Generators Generators

60 Hz Power

Generators Generators

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

Generator Motor

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied
Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Fundamental Concept #2-


A Motor Is Basically A Generator Running Backwards.

60 Hz Power
60 Hz Power

Generator Motor
Applied Produced
Torque Torque

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

There is a fixed relationship between the input frequency of incoming


utility power and the speed of the rotating magnetic field present
in the stator windings:

Frequency of Input Utility Power = Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field

60 Hz Power

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

There is also a fixed relationship between the speed of the rotating


magnetic field and the rotational speed of the rotor & shaft:

Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field = Speed of Rotor & Shaft (RPMs)

60 Hz Power

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 1

4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

Pole 2

4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

4 Pole Motor
Pole 3

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

Pole 4

4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 1

4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

Pole 2

4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

Pole 1
60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

4 Pole Motor
Pole 3

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

60 Hz Power 2 Pole Motor

Pole 2

Pole 4

4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
This relationship is defined by the formula:

Shaft Speed (RPMs) = 120 x f {f = freq. of input power}


p {p = no. of poles in stator}

2 Pole Motor

No. Poles Sync. Speed (RPMs) Sync. Speed


(RPMs)
@ 60 Hz @ 50 Hz
2 3600 3000
4 1800 1500
6 1200 1000
8 900 750
10 720 600
12 600 500
4 Pole Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:

Speed cant be varied (adjusted, controlled, etc.)

Full line speed is WAY TO FAST

- 1800 RPMs is 30 revolutions per second.

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:

Speed cant be varied (adjusted, controlled, etc.)

Full line speed is WAY TO FAST

- 1800 RPMs is 30 revolutions per second.

- Escalators would move at 120 ft./sec. !

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:

Speed cant be varied (adjusted, controlled, etc.)

Full line speed is WAY TO FAST

- 1800 RPMs is 30 revolutions per second.

- Escalators would move at 120 ft./sec. !

- Your garage door would open & close


in 4/10ths of a second.

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Many motor applications can not be run at the full 60 Hz
input line speed because:

Speed cant be varied (adjusted, controlled, etc.)

Full line speed is WAY TO FAST

- 1800 RPMs is 30 revolutions per second.

- Escalators would move at 120 ft./sec. !

- Your garage door would open & close


in 4/10ths of a second.

- Your ceiling fan would generate a Class 5


tornado in your living room.

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).

The old way to do this was via older technology mechanical


devices (speed reduction gear boxes, belts drives, etc.).
1800 RPM
180 RPM
60 Hz Power

Motor

Electrical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).

The old way to do this was via older technology mechanical


devices (speed reduction gear boxes, belts drives, etc.).
1800 RPM
180 RPM
60 Hz Power

Motor

10:1 Mechanical
Speed Reduction

Electrical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
There are hundreds of industrial process applications
that require precise speed control (and precise torque
control).

A much better way to do this is by varying the frequency


and voltage that is fed to the motor: - a VFD ! -
Zero - 120 Hz
Zero - 3600 RPM
60 Hz Power

Motor
ABB

VFD

Electrical Energy

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
A variable frequency drive converts incoming 60 Hz utility
power into a continuously variable output that can be quicky
and precisely controlled from zero-to-120 Hz:

AC DC AC

RECTIFIER INVERTER
(AC - DC) (DC - AC)
60 Hz Power Zero - 120 Hz
60 Hz

ABB
VFD
To
Motor
Zero - 120 Hz
Electrical Energy
VFD

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
Area Under The Square-Wave Pulses
Approximates The Area Under A Sine Wave

Positive
+
DC Bus

Voltage
Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER Frequency

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals
How Often You Switch From Positive
Pulses To Negative Pulses Determines
The Frequency Of The Waveform

Positive
+
DC Bus

Voltage
Negative -
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER Frequency

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Frequency = 30Hz

Frequency = 60Hz

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

RECTIFIER INVERTER

Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative -
DC Bus

Motor

ABB
ABB Drives & Motors Fundamentals

Questions ?????

ABB

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