S S

L A
G
R B
A
• Physically defined as

A rigid, under cooled liquid having no definite melting

point and a sufficiently high viscosity (> 1012 Pa.s) to
prevent crystallization

• Chemically defined as
The union of the nonvolatile inorganic oxides resulting
from the decomposition and fusion of alkali and alkaline
earth compounds, sand, and other glass constituents,
ending in a product with random atomic structure.
 Glass is completely vitrified product or at least such a
product with a relatively small amount of nonvitreous
material in suspension.
 Types of Glasses
• Fused Silica
Made by the high temperature
Pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride or
by fusion of quartz or pure sand.
Characterized by low expansion and
high softening point which impart
high thermal resistance and permit
it to be used beyond the
temperature ranges of other
glasses.
This is extraordinarily transparent to
ultra violet radiation.
Also known as vitreous silica and
Quartz glass.
• Alkali Silicates
These are the only two
component glasses
Sand and Soda simply melted
together
Silicate of soda solution also
known as water (soluble) glass.
It ‘s widely consumed as an
adhesive for paper in the
manufacture of corrugated
paper boxes , used in fire
proofing , laundering as
detergents & as soap builders.
 Soda-Lime Glass
Constituents 95% of all glass
manfrd.

SiO2(70-74%), CaO(8-13%),
Na2O(13-18%)

This type of glass melts with more

difficulty but is more chemically
resistant.

Particularly high in alumina and

lime and low in alkali
• Lead glass
Substituting lead oxide for
CaO

High importance in optical

work bcaz of their high
index of refraction and
dispersion

High electrical resistance,

suitable for shielding from
nuclear radiation
• Borosilicate glass
Usually contain 10-20% B2O3, 80-
87 SiO2, and less than 10%
Na2O.

Has a low expansion coefficient,

superior resistance to shock,
excellent chemical stability
and high electrical resistance.

Trade name is Pyrex

Other uses as insulators,

washers, pipelines, telescope
lenses etc.
• Special Glasses • Glass Fibers
Colored and coated, Made from special
opal, translucent, glasses
safety, optical, Resistant to weather
photochromic and conditions
glass ceramics.
This glass is low in silica
about 55% and low
in alkali.
 Raw Materials
• Sand: Iron content should not exceed 0.45%for table ware or
0.015% for optical glass
• Soda: soda ash usually, it is useful in oxidizing iron and I
accelerating the melting
• Lime: limestone and burnt lime
• Feldspar: Source of alumina. It serves to lower the melting point of
the glass and to retard devitrification
• Borax: As a minor ingredient for high refractive index, very impt in
optical glass.
• Salt Cake: As a minor ingredient . It is said to remove the trouble
some scum from tank furnaces.
• Arsenic trioxide, carbon, Nitrates etc,.
• Cullet, Refractory blocks.
 Steps in Glass Manufacture

• Transportation of Raw materials

• Sizing of some raw materials
• Storage of Raw materials
• Conveying, weighing, and mixing raw materials, and feeding
them into the glass furnace
• Burning of the fuel to secure temperature needed for glass
formation
• Reactions in the furnace, to form glass
• Saving of heat by regeneration or recuperation
• Shaping of glass products
• Annealing of glass products
• Finishing of glass products.