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 Human body
Levels of Organization

CHEMICAL LEVEL - includes all chemical substances necessary for life

CELLULAR LEVEL - cells are the basic structural and functional units of the
human body & there are many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve,
blood, and so on)

TISSUE LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function

and the basic types of tissues in the human body include epithelial, muscle,
nervous, and connective tissues

ORGAN LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a

particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach, and so on)

SYSTEM LEVEL - an association of organs that have a common function; the

major systems in the human body include Digestive, Nervous, Endocrine,
Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary, Lymphatic and Reproductive..
 The Cell
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living organisms.

It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often

called the building bricks of life.

Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell).

Humans, are multicellular. (Humans have an estimated 100 trillion cells; a

typical cell size is 10m; a typical cell mass is 1nanogram.)

All cells come from pre-existing cells. Vital functions of an organism occur within
cells, and all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating
cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

There are two types of cells that make up all living things on earth:

Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, have no 'nucleus'.

Eukaryotic cells, like those of the human body, do. So, a human cell is enclosed
by a cell, or plasma, membrane. Enclosed by that membrane is the cytoplasm
(with associated organelles) plus a nucleus..
Cell Organelles
Nucleus: The organelle that
determines all of cell activities and
produces new cells.

Centrosome: Regulator of cell-cycle

progression.

Cell Membrane: A covering that

hold the cell together and separates
it from surroundings.

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein

translation, folding, and transport.

Cytoplasm: A jelly like substance

that contains many chemicals to
keep the cell functions.

Golgi: Delivery system for the cell.

Ribosome: Assembles proteins.

Mitochondria: Organelles that

releases energy from food.
 COMPONENTS OF THE CELL

Water: comprises 60 - 90% of most living organisms (and cells), important

because it serves as an excellent solvent & enters into many metabolic
reactions

Ions (atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of electrons and protons) :

found in both intra- & extra cellular fluid, examples of important ions
include sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride

Carbohydrates: about 3% of the dry mass of a typical cell composed of

carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms (glucose), an important source of energy
for cells

Lipids: about 40% of the dry mass of a typical cell composed largely of
carbon & hydrogen generally insoluble in water

Proteins: about 50 - 60% of the dry mass of a typical cell sub-unit is the
amino acid & amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA (including mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA).

 Cells: Size & Shape
Size and Shape depend upon its function.

Red blood cells are small and disc shaped to fit through the smallest blood vessel.

Muscle cells are long and thin. When they contract they produce movement.

Nerve cells which carry signals to the brain are very long.

C e ll F u n c t io n

C e ll w o r k t o g e t h e r t o p e r fo r m b a s ic life p r o c e s s e s t h a t k e e p o r g a n is m s a liv e .

G e t t in g r id o f b o d y w a s t e s .

M a k in g n e w c e lls fo r g r o w t h a n d r e p a ir .

R e le a s in g e n e r g y fr o m fo o d .
 The Tissues

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete

organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells

Tissues can be grouped into four basic types. Multiple tissue types comprise organs
and body structures

Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue, Epithelial tissue

 The Organs

an Organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a

common function..
 The cell, Tissues, Organs & Systems

Cells that work together to

perform a specific function
form a tissue.

Just as cells that work

together form a tissue,
tissues that work together
form an organ.

Organs that work together to

perform a function form a
system. Example: circulatory
system.

Plant cells also form tissues,

such as the bark of a tree.
And plant cells work together,
forming organs, such as roots
and leaves..