Kimia ORGANIK

TPP1205 3(2-1)

PS ILMU & TEKNOLOGI PANGAN (ITP)

FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNSOED

KU 2013
KONTRAK PEMBELAJARAN
Nama MK : Kimia Organik
Kode : TPP 1205
Bobot : 3 (1-2) SKS
Dosen : 1. bu Erminawati
2. M. Khasani, SSi,
Msi
3. Ali Maksum, STP.,MP
SM GENAP 2015/2016

Perkuliahan : 29 Februari- 01 Juli 2016

UTS : tba
UAS : tba
 KIMIA ORGANIK
Kuliah : Selasa 07.30 09.00 Ruang G
Praktkm : Mei 2016

EVALUASI
1. Praktikum : 20 %
KULIAH 2. Tugas : 10 %
3. Ujian Sisipan : 35 %
4. Ujian Utama : 35 %

1. Quiz/responsi : 20 %
PRAKTIKU2. Pelaksanaan : 50 %
M
3. Laporan : 30 %
MATERI KIMIA ORGANIK-TPP 1205

PENGERTIAN UMUM KIMIA ORGANIK, meliputi rumus kimia

dan ikatan dalam senyawa organik

GUGUS FUNGSIONAL DAN PENGGOLONGAN SENY.ORGANIK

KARAKTERISTIK DAN REAKTIVITAS GOL HIDROKARBON,

ALKOHOL, ETER, GOL SENYAWA KARBONIL; ALDEHID, KETON
DAN ESTER

BENZENA DAN SENYAWA AROMATIK BESERTA TURUNANNYA

POLIMER DAN SISTEM DISPERSI

MAKROMOLEKUL
I. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
What Is Organic Chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and the
study of the chemistry of life. Since not all carbon
reactions are organic, another way to look at organic
chemistry would be to consider it the study of
molecules containing the carbon-hydrogen (C-H)
bond and their reactions.

Why Is Organic Chemistry Important?

Organic chemistry is important because it is the
study of life and all of the chemical reactions related
to life.

Organic chemistry plays a part in the development

of common household chemicals, foods, plastics,
drugs, fuels... really most of the chemicals part of
daily life.
Bonding in organic chemistry
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
are the most simple organic compounds.

contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen. (H)

For classification purposes, all other organic

compounds are considered derivatives of
hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons can be divided into aromatic

and aliphatic hydrocarbons
*a molecular formula (A) describes the numbers of
different kinds of atoms in a molecule

*a structural formula (B) represents a two-dimensional

model of how the atoms are bonded to each other.
Methane = primary component of natural
gas

Propane & Butane = primary component of

bottled gas

Gasoline = pentane to decane

Kerosene = alkanes with n = 10 to 16

Alkanes with n > 16 diesel fuel, fuel oil,

petroleum jelly, paraffin wax, lubricating oil,
and asphalt
 Ethylene is the gas that ripens fruit, and a ripe
fruit emits the gas, which will act on unripe
fruit. Thus, a ripe tomato placed in a sealed bag
with green tomatoes will help ripen them.
Alkyl Group
This group does not exist independently but
occurs bonded to another atom or molecule.
Reactive Groups in Organic Chemistry
Functional groups are groups of atoms found within molecules that
are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those
molecules. Functional groups can pertain to any molecules, but you
will usually hear about them in the context of organic chemistry. The
symbol R and R' refer to an attached hydrogen or hydrocarbon side
chain or sometimes to any group of atoms.
 Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.

Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces.

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

Measure of intermolecular force

boiling point
melting point
Hvap
Hfus
Hsub
 Intermolecular
Forces
All intermolecular forces are:
attractive forcesbetween
molecules
do not make new compounds
Makes the molecules sticky
weaker than true bonds
 Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

Ion-Dipole Interaction

11.2
11.2
 Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces

Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles

induced in atoms or molecules

ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction

 Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces Continued

Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution in the

atom or molecule can be distorted.

Dispersion forces usually increase with

molar mass

Polarizability increases with:

greater number of electrons
more diffuse electron cloud
 Essentially they are the same as dipole forces- an electrostatic
attraction between a partial positive charge and a partial
negative charge.

However, the partial charges are more rare in nonpolar

molecules. It is perhaps better to think of these interactions as
those between a "temporary dipole" and an "induced dipole".
 What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between each of the
following molecules?

HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also
dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.

S
O
O
SO2
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also
dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
 Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bond

The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction between they

hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an electronegative
O, N, or F atom.

A HB or A HA

A & B are N, O, or F
Hydrogen Bond
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a
special dipole-dipole interaction?

Decreasing molar mass

Decreasing boiling point
How do intermolecular forces affect
melting point?
When heat is applied to a solid, the molecules begin
to vibrate more and more. The energy possessed by
the molecules increases to the point that some
intermolecular attractions are overcome.
 Intermolecular forces (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole
interactions and hydrogen bonds) are much weaker than
intramolecular forces (covalent bonds, ionic bonds or metallic
bonds)

dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular force (one

hundredth-one thousandth the strength of a covalent bond),
hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular force (about
one-tenth the strength of a covalent bond).

dispersion forces < dipole-dipole interactions < hydrogen bonds

 II. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Functional groups:
Specific combinations of bonded atoms
Attached as a group to other molecules
Always react in the same manner, regardless of
where attached
Determine activity and polarity of large organic
molecules

Many functional groups, but only a few are

of major biological importance
Biologically Important Functional
Groups
Group Structure Compound Significance
Hydroxyl R OH Alcohols Polar, forms H-bonds; some sugars
and amino acids Example: Ethanol

O Aldehydes Polar; some sugars

R CH Example: Formaldehyde
Carbonyl O
Ketones Polar; some sugars
Example: Acetone
R CR
Carboxyl R C O CarboxylicPolar, acidic; fats and amino acids
Example: Acetic acid
OH Acids
Amino R NHH Polar, basic; amino acids
Amines Example: Tryptophan
Sulfhydryl R SH Thiols Disulfide Bonds; some amino acids
Example: Ethanethiol

O
Phosphate R P R Organic
Polar, acidic; some amino acids
PhosphatesExample: Adenosine triphosphate
FURTHER AGENDA GROUP TASK

CHAPTER : FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

1. ALIPHATIC HC
2. CYCLIC HC
3. AROMATIC
4. ALCOHOL
5. ETHER
6. ALDEHYDE
7. KETONE
8. CARBOXYLATE
9. ESTHER

MATTER TO BE DISCUSSED :
A. CHARACTERISTICS
B. RECTIVITY
C. ITS IDENTIFICATION REACTION
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DISCUSSION :

WEEK 3. 18 MARCH 2014

TOPICS : ALIPHATIC HC
CYCLIC HC
AROMATIC

QUESTIONS:
A. ALIPHATIC HK
1. Mengapa seny alifatik mudah terbakar (7)
2. reaktifitas alkana < siklopropana dan siklabutana (1)
3. Mengapa alkana dpt digunakan sbg pelarut (6)

B. CYCLIC HC
1. Konformasi alkana & konformasi sikloalkana ? (8)
2. Mengapa alkana &sikloalkana ----alifatik jenuh (3)
3. kereakttifan sikloalkana rendah seny fungsi yg lain (5)

C. AROMATIC
1 jelaskan campuran azeotrop dg air (3)
2. karsinogenik genetoksik ? (4)
3. sistem cincin dl seny aromatik (5)
4. Naftalena polisiklik berfusi (2)

na
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DISCUSSION :

WEEK 4. 25 MARCH 2014

TOPICS : ALCOHOL
ETHER

1. Mengapa metanol menyebabkan kebutaan (6)

2. Reaksi logam aktif + ROH ?
+ ROR ? (6)
3. Bp ROH ----- rantai lurus dan bercab yg memiliki massa molekul relatif sama (2-meti propanol Bp
108 dan 2 butanol Bp 100 (2)

4. Mengapa eter mudah meg uap, uapnya mudah meledak, cenderung membuat pusing (3)

Reaksi identifikasi ROH dan ROR ?

5. Kelarutan spritus dlm air
6. Sintesa Wiliamson
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DISCUSSION :

WEEK 5. 01 APRIL2014
TOPICS : ALDEHYDE
KETONE
1. Identifikasi RCOH dan RCOR menggunakan perak amoniakalmengapa
hrs dlm lar NH3 berlebih
2. Reaktivitas RCOH dan RCOR ?
3. Bagian mana dlm aldehyd yg berdifat nukleofil
4. NaKarboksilat + Na apa n H2, kataliformat _____?
Akan katali apa
5. Reaksi pembuatan lakton
Reaksi esterifikasi, reaksi penyabunan
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DISCUSSION :

WEEK 6. 08 APRIL2014
TOPICS : CARBOXYLATE ACID
ESTHER

1. 1. n asam formiat
2. Mengapa cab R pd as karbokslt me keasaman sedg cab halogen me+
3. Ester yg non volatil ????
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DISCUSSION :

WEEK 7. 18 MARCH 2014

TOPICS : AMINA dan AMIDA
REAKSI IDENTIFIKASI GUGUS FUNGSI
TURUNAN ASAM
KARBOKSILAT
R-CO-X
 HALIDA ASAM
1. CH3COCl
ESTE Contoh
= Etanoil klorida R
= Asetil klorida Metil propanoat
2. O Metil propionat
C
Cl
= Benzoil klorida
ANHIDRIDA ASAM
AMIDA O
NITRIL CH3CONH2
C
H3C C N O
etanamida C
= etananitril asetamida O
=asetonitril
O anhidrida asam benzoat
C
C N NH2 (CH3CO)2O
benzamida anhidrida asam etanoat
=benzonitril anhidrida asan asetat
 Senyawa yang mengandung gugus NH2
Struktur : RNH2
Jenis : Amina primer (1o)
Amina sekunder (2o)
Amina tersier (3o)
Beberapa Reaksi Amina :

1. Kebasaan Amina
Semua amina 1, 2, 3 bersifat basa
lemah seperti ammonia. Di dalam
larutan air, amina bersifat basa.
1. Kebasaan Amina
Amina aromatis seperti anilin
mempunyai sifat basa < amina alifatik
karena bentuk struktur dari amina
aromatis distabilkan oleh cincin
benzena yang mampu beresonansi
2. Reaksi dengan derivat asam
karboksilat
Reaksi antara amina 1 dan 2 dengan
ester, klorida asam, anhidrida asam
menghasilkan amida.
3. Reaksi dengan asam
nitrit
Reaksi ini merupakan reaksi asam

basa menghasilkan garam ammonium,

sedang amina 2 dengan HNO2
menghasilkan nitrosamine.
Solubility test
 compound
Functional TEST positive test negative test
group
 Identifikasi Alkil Halida
Rumus : R X, dengan X = F, Cl, Br, I

1. Perak Nitrat etanolis

endapan

2. Uji Natrium Iodida

Endapan NaCl
atau NaBr
Identifikasi Alkena
1. Uji bromin

Hilang warna brom, tanpa pengeluaran gas HBr

2. Uji iodin

Hilang warna iodin

(coklat)
3. Uji Kalium permanganat

Hilangnya warna KMnO4 (ungu)

Identifikasi Alkuna

1. Uji bromine

Hilang warna brom, tanpa pengeluaran gas HBr

2. Uji KMnO4
3. Deteksi Na dari Hidrogen aktif

Terbentuknya gas
hidrogen

CH3C=CH + Na ---> CH3C=CNa + H2

CH3C=CCH3 + Na ---> tidak bereaksi

Identifikasi Aromatis
1. Azoksibenzen dan Al klorid

2. Uji kloroform dan Al klorid

Compound Color

benzene and its homologs orange to red

aryl halides orange to red

naphthalene blue

biphenyl purple

phenanthrene purple

anthracene green
3. Asam sulfat berasap

Padatan larut, pelepasan panas

Identifikasi Alkohol
1. Asetil klorida

Ada lapisan terpisah ester

2. Ceri amonium nitrat

Merah / coklat
3. Anhidrida Kromat (oksidasi Jones)
 4. Uji Lucas

Terbentuk emulsi atau warna awan

alkohol tersier => 2 - 3 min.
Alkohol sekunder => 5 - 10 min
Alkohol primer => tidak bereaksi
 5. Uji Iodoform

Pembentukan padatan iodoform (kuning)

6 Sodium Detection of Active Hydrogen

Pembentukan gas hidrogen

 Aldehida
1. Benedict

Endapan tembaga(I) oksida merah, kuning, kuning kehijauan

2. Reaksi dengan 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

endapan
2. Larutan Fehling

Endapan tembaga(I) oksida warna merah, kuning, atau

kuning kehijauan

3. Uji Hidroksilamin Hidroklorida

Perubahan warna dari orange ke merah red

 4. Pereaksi Fuchsin-Aldehyde (pereaksi Schiff)

OH
HO OH

O
HO OH

Pembentukan larutan violet-purple

5. Kompleks dengan penambahan Na Bisulfit

Positif: pembentukan endapan

6. Uji Tolens

Terbentuk cermin perak atau endapan hitam

Kimia Organik TPP 1205/3(2-1)
1. Pengertian umum kimia organik : rumus kimia dan ikatan dalam senyawa organik.

2. Gugus fungsional dan penggolongan senyawa organik,

3. Reaksi-reaksi dalam molekul organik(substitusi, eliminasi, esterifikasi, eterifikasi,

hidrolisis, amidasi, dll), isometri dan stereoisometri, golongan senyawa berdasarkan
gugus fungsi,

4. Senyawa biomolekul (karbohidrat, protein, lemak) dan senyawa alam lainnya (alkana,
alkena, alkuna, alkohol, asam organik, ester, eter dll.) termasuk penjelasan masing-
masing strukturnya.

5. Pembahasan tentang karakteristik, reaksi dan reaktifitas dari golongan

hidrokarbon meliputi alkana, alkil, alkena dan alkuna,golongan alkohol
dan eter, golongan senyawa-senyawa karbonil meliputi aldehid dan keton
.
6. Pembahasan tentang benzen dan senyawa-senyawa aromatik, turunannya
tentang phenol.

7. Pembahasan umum tentang polimer, sistem dispersi dan sebagainya.

8. Bahasan sistem adsorpsi, absorpsi, tegangan permukaan, pembentukan

emulsi dan buih, osmosis, difusi, agregat/endapan, nukleasi dan
kristalisasi serta glass transition.