ENGINEERING MATERIALS

PRESENTED TO:

MAM NOSHEEN ZAIB

PRESENTED BY:

HASHAM ALI

ROLL NO.

2011-CE-40
 TOPICS
PLACING OF CONCRETE
COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

CURING OF CONCRETE

QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE

 PLACING OF CONCRETE
DEFINITION:
THE PROCESS OF PUTTING PREPARED
CONCRETE TO A CONCERNED PLACE
IS CALLED PLACING OF CONCRETE

After mixing of concrete it should be placed

before initial setting time starts with
in 30 minutes of adding of water
 METHODS OF TRANSPORTING OF
CONCRETE
Modes of transporting of concrete depends upon magnitude
of work
Usually following modes are used for transporting of

concrete:

In iron pans (tasla )

In wheel barrows
By pumping
By cranes

whatever method of transporting be , it is very

essential to ensure that neither during transportation nor
in placing concrete , there is any segregation of aggregates.
 PRECAUSSIONS FOR PLACING OF
CONCRETE
In placing , concrete should be laid in thin layers.

Concrete should never dropped from a height as it would

cause segregation .
If concrete has to be laid at a depth then CHUTES
should be made.
In case of laitance drier mixture should be used and
concrete should be laid in thin layer. If concrete has more
of water or it has been laid in thick layers then on
compaction , water and fine particles of cement come to
top forming a layer of weak substance known as
LAITANCE.
If laitance is formed before fresh concrete is placed then
it should be broken .
 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

The process of compacting concrete after

placing it to a concerned place is known as
COMPACTION of concrete.

When concrete is placed to form work , it

contains almost 5-20% air which cause for lesser
strength of concrete. As the quantity of air is
lesser in concrete the strength of concrete will be
increase. So for developing strength ,durability
and to make concrete dense and free from voids
compaction method is used.
 METHODS OF COMPACTION
Generally two methods are used for compaction
which are following:

By hand
By machine
 BY HAND
This method of compaction is used for small
projects.

In this method compaction is done by pinning

with an iron rods or with trowel blades so this
method is also called RODING. Excess of
tamping should be avoided otherwise water
cement and finer particles would come to the
surface and result in non uniform concreting .
 BY MACHINE
In case of important and big works , compaction
of concrete is done with internal vibrator ,
external vibrator and surface vibrator

INTERNAL VIBRATOR:
Internal vibrator consists of rods which
when inserted in concrete gives vibration
resulting in consolidation of concrete. It should
inserted after every 1 meter (3 fit ) distance. It
should stay from 30 90 seconds at one place.
When compaction is completed it displaced to
next place.
 External vibrator
In thin section of concrete , where internal vibrator can not
be used then external vibrator is used for compaction of
concrete. It imparts vibrations to shuttering itself.

when it is used it should be ensure that the form work is

water tight and is not loose.
SURFACE Vibrator
These vibrators are in the form of plates which
are used for consolidation of mass concrete as in road
construction.

Use of vibrators is the best and the most

efficient way of compacting concrete. It gives very dense
concrete. Care should be taken not to make excessive use
of vibrators otherwise concrete becomes non homogeneous
 CURING OF CONCRETE
The process of keeping concrete wet to enable it to
attain full strength is known as CURING.
The quantity of water in fresh concrete is essential for
setting of cement. If quantity of water becomes lesser
then strength of concrete also become lesser.
Strength and hardness to cement come because of its
chemical reaction with water. This chemical reaction
continues for long time about three weeks period .
Curing should be done for a period of 3 weeks but in no
case for less than 10 days .

The object of curing is to present the loss of moisture

from concrete due to evaporation or because of any
other reason .
 METHODS FOR CURING
To do curing , any one of following method is used:
USE OF CHEMICAL:

Surface of concrete is coated with a layer of bitumen or other

water compound which gets into pores of concrete and prevents
the loss of water from concrete. CaCl2 is generally used.
STICKING DAMP MATERIAL:

Concrete surface is covered with a layer of wet sand , or clay . It

could be covered with wet gunny bags and water sprayed over
it.
COVERING WITH WATER PROOF MATERIAL:

Concrete surface is covered with water proof paper. This method

adopt in those areas where defficiency of water is present .

SPRAY OF WATER:
This method of curing is generally used. According to this
method water is sprayed over the surface prepared by concrete
by flexible pipe.
 QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
A good concrete has following qualities:

STRENGTH:
Concrete should be able to withstand the stress
that it is subjected to . It is strong in compression
and weak in tensile . As such it is safely used in
construction of load carrying structures like
piers , bridges ,columns etc.
 DURABILITY:

It should be able to withstand the weathering

action such as of wind , rain and variation of
temperature . When used in construction of
drains and sewers or structures in touch with sea
water . It should be able to withstand the action
of chemical salt.
 DENSITY:

The concrete should be well compacted so that

there are no voids or hollows left. It should
weigh 3,000 kg/cu meter .

o WORKABILITY :
It should be easily workable.
 RESISTANCE TO WEAR AND TEAR:

when it is used in floors and construction of

roads the concrete should be able to withstand
abrasive forces well.