THEORITICAL OF

FRESH WATER
GENERATING PLANT

ISLAHUDDIN BIN IDHA NAWAWI

3587
GENERAL USE OF WATER
IMPORTANTS OF WATER
IMPORTANTS OF WATER
TO HUMAN BODY
IMPORTANTS OF WATER
Fresh water is an important commodity on board
ships, especially on long sea voyages.

Hence the procedure for starting the fresh water

generator on ships should be familiar to the crew
as they need to be started as soon as the ship
enters open sea.

If you are thinking that this should not be a

problem since the oceans contains unlimited
water you are clearly out of your mind.
 WATER
Blood pressure - High blood pressure puts excessive
pressure on the heart
Abnormal heart rate - Increased respiration rate and

greater perspiration
Physiological changes -Headache, dizziness, nausea,
blood stained stool, vomiting
Excessive thirst - salt is not quenching of thirst but an
augmentation in it
Brain damage - salt in sea water affects all the body

functioning, including the brain activity

Loss of consciousness - excessive water loss due too
much salt content in body
Impairment of judgment due to interference of brain
activity
Dehydration - excessive water loss due too much salt
content in body
Kidney failure - kidneys are not designed to handle such

large amount of salt

Death organ failure will results in death

http://www.marineinsight.com/misc/marine-safety/10-effects-of-
drinking-salt-water-of-the-sea/
FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT
Fresh water is of dire need on a ship. It is
used for various purposes such as
drinking, for preparing food, in laundry
services and in many other day to day
activities.

In the past, people used to carry tons and

tons of fresh water in barrels or in
specially made tanks.

Nowadays, fresh water are generated

through 2 techniques, either
- evaporation or distillation
- reverse osmosis
 KASTURI CLASS CONTRACT
REQUIREMENT &
SPESIFICATION
No Design Requirements Design Spesification
1 Capacity 20 Tonnes/day
2 pH 6.5 to 8.5
3 Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) 250 to 500 ppm maximum
4 Turbidity 5 NTU
5 Colour 15 TCU (True Colour Unit)
6 Free Chlorine Residual Not less than 2 ppm

RO Product Water Quality (Guaranteed Water) is comply to the

National Guideline for Drinking Quality by
Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia. (MOH, Oct 1983 Column
1,1(b))
ADVANTAGES OF RO CONCEPT

A PROPERLY
DESIGNED AND
OPERATED RO
SYSTEM REMOVES
97% -99% OF TDS AND
DISSOLVED
ORGANICS PLUS ALL
SUSPENDED MATTER
AND BACTERIA
 OSMOSIS
PRINCIPLE
An explanation of osmosis makes it easier to
explain reverse osmosis (RO).

- Natural process caused by the

attraction of water molecules to
dissolved ions
- A higher concentration of
dissolved ions exists on one
side of the semipermeable
membrane than other side
- Water will migrate through the
membrane to the more
concentrated side causing the
level rise.
 OSMOSIS PRINCIPLE
Osmosis is the natural tendency of water to pass through a
semipermeable membrane separating two solutions containing
different concentrations of dissolved salts or minerals.
A semipermeable membrane is a thin sheet that allows water
molecules, but not dissolved minerals or organics, to pass
through.
Membrane

Low salt High salt

Concentration Concentration
 OSMOSIS PRINCIPLE
An example of osmosis is water absorption by plant
roots in moist soil.
The concentration of salts in the
root cell is much higher than
the concentration of salts in the
soil.

Plant Water
The root cell wall is a
semipermeable membrane. Root
Soil cell
Soil
Osmosis draws water from Roots Root cell
wall
the less salty soil, through the
root cell wall, and then into
the root cell.
 REVERSE OSMOSIS
If mechanical pressure is placed on the side with higher
concentration, the process of osmosis is REVERSED!

Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from

a region of high solute concentration through a
semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute
concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the
osmotic pressure.

This is accomplished by household water pressure

pushing the tap water through a semi permeable
membrane. The membrane (which is about as thick as
cellophane) allows only the water to pass through, not
the impurities or contaminates. These impurities and
contaminates are flushed down the drain.

This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on

the high concentration side of the membrane, usually
217 bar (30250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and
4082 bar (6001200 psi) for seawater, which has
around 27 bar (390 psi) natural osmotic pressure that
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
The driving force for osmosis is referred to as osmotic
pressure.
Osmotic pressure is
Semipermeab
proportional to the ratio of the Tube
Osmotic le membrane
total dissolved solids (TDS) on 1
Pressure
TDS =
each side of the TDS = 10
10,000
semipermeable membrane. Semipermeab
For example: Tube Osmotic
Pressure
le membrane
2
The TDS ratio in the tube 1 is TDS = 10 TDS = 1,000

1,000 to1
The TDS ratio in the tube 2 is
100 to1.
Osmotic pressure is 10 times
greater in tube 1 than in tube 2.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
If low-TDS and high-TDS waters are separated by a semi-
permeable membrane in a closed vessel, the following
occur:
Osmotic pressure
Semipermeable
forces low-TDS water membrane
through the Osmotic
membrane to the Pressure

high-TDS side.
Water passage to the Low Hig
high-TDS side TDS h
TDS
increases the amount of
water in the high-TDS
side.
MEMBRANE FILTRATION
 KASTURI CLASS
FWGP PROCESS
Multi-Media Course/Fine
Sea Water Intake Coagulation
Filtration Filtration

Antiscalant

Course/ Fine
Sea Water Reverse Osmosis High Pressure Pump
Filtration

Disinfection

WHO Drinking Water

Storage

Pretreatment Reverse Osmosis Post Treatment

OVERVIEW PROCESS FLOW
DIAGRAM
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
KD KASTURI CLASS FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT (FWGP)
FWGP COMPONETS

High Pressure RO PUMP

Model: CAT Pump 3537C

Function
Deliver high water pressure
on RO membrane
KD KASTURI CLASS FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT (FWGP)
FWGP COMPONETS

RO Flushing Pump
Model: CM15-2

Function
Deliver fresh water to
clean RO membrane
KD KASTURI CLASS FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT (FWGP)
FWGP COMPONETS

Flushing Tank
Model: FRP

Function
Storage of fresh water for
flushing purpose
KD KASTURI CLASS FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT (FWGP)
FWGP COMPONETS

RO Housing & RO
Membrane
KD KASTURI CLASS FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT (FWGP)
FWGP COMPONETS

Chemical Pump
Model:

Function
Chemical dosing for
coagulation, membrane
protection and disinfection
KD KASTURI CLASS FRESH WATER GENERATING
PLANT (FWGP)
FWGP COMPONETS

Filter Housing
Model:

Function
Filter guard on impurities
FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT
OF FWGP SYSTEM

Multi Media Filter

Cartridge Filter

RO System

UV
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
Multi Media Filter

To remove suspended solids

Pressure Vessel consists of multiple layers of filtering media

 Function of Each Component of FWGP System
Multi Media Filter

As the incoming water pressure drives the service water down through the
media bed, suspended solids are preferentially restricted through the bed.

The larger particles are caught by the larger filter media at the top of the
bed and smaller particles are caught by the smaller filter media at the
bottom of the bed.
The filtered water will then be collected at the bottom thru the lateral/hub
or nozzle.

Larger particle
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
Multi Media Filter

Eventually the media bed becomes laden with trapped

suspended solids from the service water.

Backwash cycle is then performed

Water now enters from the bottom and going out from the top
of the vessel.

Bed expansion

Backwash water carries the loosened impurities exit the vessel

through the backwash outlet valve and then goes to drain.
FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT
OF FWGP SYSTEM MULTI MEDIA
FILTER

Service Flow

Backwash Flow
 Function of Each Component of FWGP System
Cartridge Filter

Cartridge filter system utilizes a proprietary filter element to retain suspended solids in the service
water as it passes through the filter housing.
When the filter elements become dirty, they are discarded and new ones added.

The new filter elements must be rinsed before they are used.
A cartridge filter may have any number of filter elements, depending on the application.

The filter element itself is typically made from either polypropylene or nylon, depending on
application. They are designed to stop particles down to a nominal particle size such as 1, 5 or 10
micron.
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
Cartridge Filter

In a cartridge filter unit, there is a watertight seal

between the cartridges and the support plate.

A retaining plate on top of

Retaining Cartridge
the cartridges holds the plate filter
cartridges in place. open end

Support
Cartridge -plate
filter
The cartridge filter Support
opening
s
open ends line up with plate

support plate-
openings.
FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT
OF FWGP SYSTEM CARTRIDGE
FILTER
In a cartridge filter unit, water flows as follows:
1. Into the inlet, which is the
higher of the two ports on Retaining
plate
the side of the pressure Cartridge
filter
Pressure
vessel. vessel
Inlet
open end

2. From the outside to the Cartridge

Support-
plate
inside of the cartridge filter openings
filters. Support
plate
3. Through the cartridge- Inlet

filter open end and Outlet

Outlet
support-plate
openings.
4. Out the outlet, which is the lower of the
two ports on the side of the pressure
vessel.
 Function of Each Component of FWGP System
RO System

To remove dissolved salts and inorganic molecules

External pressure provide by a high-pressure pump on the higher impurities

water and forces high purity water through the semi-permeable membrane

Process involving the fluid flow of Cross-flow filtration permits long-

across a semi-permeable membrane term performance
barrier
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
RO System

Single Pass RO

Produce the water that has passed

through an RO membrane surface one
time.

4
Permeat
e
Feed Water
2

3
Reject
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
RO System

Normally each stage of RO consists of 1 or

more pressure vessels, while each pressure
vessel consists of 1 or more membranes (max. 8
elements in a pressure vessel)

The number of membranes and pressure

vessels can be vary
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
Chemical Dosing

PAC Dosing
- Act as coagulation aid for better removal of suspended
solids concentration prior to the membrane system.

Antiscalant Dosing
- To control scaling issue
Function of Each Component of FWGP System
UV System

UV Sterilizer

- UV light emitted at 254nm penetrates the outer cell membrane of micro-

organisms, passes through the cell body and alters the genetic material
(DNA).

- The micro-organisms are thereby destroyed and unable to reproduce.