GREEN WORLD GENETICS SDN BHD. NO.

40, JALAN KIP 10, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KIP,

KEPONG, 52200 KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA.
TEL : +603-6277 5570 / 603-6275 9903 Fax:+603-6275 9908
WEBSITE: www.gwgenetics.com E-mail: enquiry@gwgenetics.com
 COMPANY PROFILE
Green World Genetics Sdn. Bhd. (GWG)
is a research-based organization
specializing in the breeding of high
quality tropical hybrid seed.
Total value chain company.
Activity

Seed Fresh
Plant Evaluati Marketin
producti producti
breeding on g
on on
 PRODUCT
Leafy vegetable
Fruity
Field crop
Flowers
 LOCATION
Padang Besar
R&D Centre

Bukit Tangga
Seed Production Park

Terrengganu
Cameron Highland R&D Centre
Research Station

Batu Arang
Development Centre
&
Seed Research Park
F1 vs OP
varieties
Breeding
Terminology

Complete Flower
Incomplete Flower
Self Pollination
Inbred Line
Cross Pollination
OP
F1 Hybrid
Contamination
GMO

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Complete Flower

Has the male (stamen) part and female (pistil) part in same

Pistil----
Stamen--
--

Pistil---- ----
Stamen

Okra Yard Long Bean

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Complete Flower

Crops with complete flowers are self pollinated

Insects may contaminant some complete flowers
Isolation
for increasing lines or varieties are minimal
and vary for each species
Okra 200 meters
YLB 20+ meters
Bell peppers 50 meters + a barrier
Tomato 20 meters

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Incomplete Flower

MALE
MALE
FEMALE FEMALE

Cucumber

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Pumpkin

Male
Female

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Corn

Male
Female

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Incomplete Flower

Need wind, insect or other human intervention

Isolation requirements are larger than complete
flowers
Distances are increased
Corn 200 meter minimum (more is better)
Pumpkin/Squash 3+ kilometers
Timing very important
Corn 21 day minimum requirement
Pumpkin can not use due to continuous flowering
Almost harvest then plant again

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Self Pollination
Selfpollination means taking the pollen from the male flower
of a plant and putting it on the female flower of the same
plant

Complete flowers are self pollinated

Self pollination is performed by hand with incomplete flowers

Female flowers are covered or secured before female flower is
ready to pollinate
Prohibits any foreign pollen
Male flowers are covered or secured - pollen is collected and
carried to female part of same plant
Pollination methods will be depend upon each crop

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Inbred Line

Inbred line is created by self pollinating a

variety/population and selecting certain characteristics
until all traits are homozygous (normally takes 8+
generations)
Some sweet corn characteristics include
Plant habit
Disease resistance
Ear size
Kernel style and color
Tip fill
Quality

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Inbred Line

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Cross Pollination

Male from one plant fertilizes the female of a different

plant

Pollenfrom an inbred line fertilizes the female a

different inbred line

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What is OP?

OP stands for Open Pollinated

Plants are pollinated using wind, insect, or other natural
mechanisms
OP varieties produce seed which when grown will be true
type
Plants and fruits in the follow generation will look the same
the parent
All OP seed production require some type of isolation
Distance and/or timing will depend upon species

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What is a F1 Hybrid?

F1
Hybrid is created by crossing 2 inbred lines of the
same plant species
F1
Hybrid produce seed when planted will not be like
any of the parents
Pollination is done in a very controlled manner and
requires human intervention.
Pollination is either done by hand, wind or insect
F1 Hybrid seed production will require isolation
Distance and/or timing

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Contamination

Foreign pollen from the same species of plant but different

variety
Creates Off-Type plants in the next generation
Minimize Contamination
Proper pollination techniques
Proper isolation distances
Proper timing differences
Rouging or discarding of bad plants throughout the season
Crop rotation
Sometimes you can see right away other time need to grow
out

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CONTAMINATION

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CONTAMINATION

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What is GMO?
Genetically Modified Organism
All False
F1 hybrids are GMO?
All
OP varieties areFalse
GMO? (Most soybeans in US are GMO)
SO WHAT IS GMO? WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

Crossing of different species which normally do not produce

offspring
Can
YES
a Human cross with a Human?
NOT GMO
Can a Human cross with a Fish?
NO
NOT GMO
YES?
DNA from fish to make a human breathe underwater for
long time?
GMO!!!!!!!!
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Breeding

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Make Populations
Select for Traits
Test Crosses
Increase Hybrid
Sell

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Breeding Methods
Mass Selection
Bulk Breeding
Single-seed Descent
Pedigree Breeding
Recurrent Selection
Ear-to-Row Selection
Full-Sib Breeding
Half-sib Selection
Backcross Breeding

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Factors for Method

Land space
Labor force
Resources
Self Pollinate or Cross Pollinate Crop
Objectives!!!!!
Fast Track Medium Term - Long Term
Single gene or Multiple gene
Highly heritable
Quantitative or Qualitative Trait
Using Biotech or Field only or Combination

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What is Heterosis?

Webster definition:

the marked vigor or capacity for growth often

exhibited by crossbred animals or plants
called also hybrid vigor

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Heterosis

Inbred 1 X Inbred 2 = Hybrid

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 Hybrid

Inbred 2

Inbred 1

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What is Inbreeding?

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Inbreeding or Inbred
Depression

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4 Groups Inbreeding
Depression
Severe depression and lethal effect
3 or 4 generation ie. Carrots and others

Moderate inbreeding depression

Maize and others
Selection for stability can be separated and maintained

Low inbreeding depression

Cucurbit, sunflower and others

No inbreeding depression
Self-pollinated crops
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Complete Flower
Objective
Cross purple and green stem select purple stem
white fruit
Emasculate the complete flower
Cross male to emasculated female flower produce F1
F1 and allow to self pollinate (F2 seed)
Make selection of stem color and fruit characteristics
Stabilize traits for 4 8 generations (planting cycles)
Test OP variety
Increase OP variety
Sell
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Sweet Corn Program
Create High Quality Tropical Sweet Corn
Cross Adaptable Tropical Line with High Quality (Temperate or
other)
Self F1 Hybrid or Backcross to Tropical/Temperate
F2 F5 Self and select for Tropical plant type/Eating Quality
Use ETR, Single Seed Decent, Full Sib, Recurrent Selection, etc.
F5 Self and Testcross to Known Testers (Tropical or
Temperate)
Evaluate hybrids
Advance hybrids to next testing phase
Advance inbred line continuing to stabilize
Increase Hybrid in Production
Sell hybrid seed
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Finishing Inbred Line
Testcross potential inbred lines at the F4, F5, F6, F7 generation and self

F1 (BC-0)= 50%
F2 (BC-1)= 75%
F3 (BC-2) = 87.5%
Probability that a
F4 (BC-3) = 93.75%
particular will
F5 (BC-4) = 96.875%
eventually be fixed
F6 (BC-5) = 98.4375%
F7 (BC-6) = 98.21875%
F8 (BC-7) = 99.609375%
F9 (BC-8) =
99.8046875%
F10 (BC-9) =
99.9023438% 35
Finished Inbred Line

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F2 Pop

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Breeding Decisions

What are your objectives?

What traits are important?

What are your resources?

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Objective
Produce tropical popcorn variety

Important Traits
Plant adaptability
Popping expansion
Eating quality
Others? (Major or Minor)

Resources
Initial germplasm (good or bad)
Time/space allowance
Equipment
Research articles/colleagues
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