BEHAVOURIST

THEORIES
PREPARED BY:
KOK JIA XUAN, LOW LOO KEN, PHAN CHEI
KUAN,
SOON MING HUI, YAP SZE MIIN, YII WAN
JIUN
FOUNDERS
BEHAVOURIS THEORY
T
Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning
(1849 1936) (Stimulus Response)
B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning
(1904 1990) (Reinforcement /
Punishment)
Albert Bandura Classical & Operant
Conditioning
(1961) Behaviour is learnt
from the environment
through the process of
observational learning
(imitation Bobo Doll
BEHAVOURIST THEORY
J. B. Watson Father of Behaviourism
The science of observable
behaviour
Environment shapes
behaviour
Conditioning (Little Albert
experiment) emotions
could be conditioned
responses (frightening
sounds with the toys)
BEHAVOURIST THEORY
Sigmund Freud Founding father of
(1990, 1905) psychoanalysis (talking
cure): method for treating
mental illness
Topographical model of
the mind
Conscious Mind: focus
our attention
Preconscious Mind: Can
be retrieved from our
memory
Unconscious Mind: Act
as repository (Primitive
wishes and impulses
stored in mind)
Eg: Repression is believed
to be caused by the
BEHAVOURIST THEORY
Sigmund Freud Structural model of the
(1990, 1905) mind
ID: Meeting basic needs, if
not met, a person
becomes tense or anxious

(Eg: Sally was thirsty. Rather

than waiting for the server to
refill her glass of water, she
reached across the table and
drank from Mr. Smiths water
glass, much to his surprise.)
EGO: Dealing with reality
with social acceptable
ways
(Eg: Wait for the server to come
back)
SUPER-EGO: Adding
HUMAN VIEW
 The human is seen as simply reacting to
the environment. (changing the
environment will change behavior);

Humans are neither good nor evil.

Anybody can become good or bad
depending on what he or she learns from
the environment;

Thoughts and emotions are not the main

factors influencing behavior;
 Counselee have learned to acquire a
maladaptive or inefficient behavior through
association, or consequences. (Stimulus-
response, S-R);

Able to response to a stimulus is appropriate

and what they have learned only;

Keep the pattern of behavior, and then

repeat the pattern of the future if needed;

Emphasise on the negative behavior that

can be observed and should be eliminated.
KEY CONCEPTS
 The goal is to teach clients new
behaviours to minimize or
eliminateproblems rather than focusing
on the unconscious mind.
Behavioural therapy is based
onbehaviourism, which defines itself by
the belief that psychology should concern
itself with the observable behaviour of
people and animals, rather than
unobservable events that take place in
their minds.
Behaviour therapy uses a wide range of
techniques to treat a person's
psychological problems; it is based largely
Operant conditioning focuses on
rewards andpunishments, while
classical conditioning works to pair a
conditionedstimuluswith an
unconditioned stimulus, so that they
may be associated in the individual's
mind.

Some of the better-known types of

treatments are applied behavioural
analysis, aversion
therapy,systematic desensitization,
Behaviour therapy has proven effective in
many areas and has been used to
addressintimacyin couples, relationships,
forgiveness, substance abuse,
depression,anxiety, insomnia and obesity.

Applied behavioural analysis (ABA) has

been criticized for pathologizing and trying
to "normalize" the behaviours of children
withautism, in order to re-shape these
behaviours to bemoresocially acceptable.
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
 Definition
Personality development is the development of
the organized pattern of behaviours and
attitudes that makes a person distinctive
Personality is what makes a person a unique
person, and it is recognizable soon after birth
Adult personality traits are believed to have a
basis in infant temperament
Individual differences in behaviour appear early
in life, before language or conscious self-
representation develop
 Development in
Behaviourist Therapy
There are a number of steps a therapist can
utilize in a session with a client. (Seligman,
2006)
Step 1 Involve investigating what the problem
Identify the is and its history
problem Identify the baseline of the problem
such as the frequency and severity of
the problem
Step 2 Involve selecting goals related to the
Identify the goals problem that are realistic, specific, and
measurable
The goals also need to be relevant to the client and
positive to help keep the client motivated

Step 3 Counsellor teach new skills and provide

Devise strategies and implement behavioural strategies
to help the client to change
A plan to monitor the success and
having a written contract with the client
Development in
Behaviourist Therapy
Step 4 This involves the plan that has been
Implement the developed being implemented for the
plan process of change to occur
Step 5 The progress of the plan is assessed &
Assess the evaluated
progress It is revised for any areas of need and
successes are reinforced
Reinforcing success helps to keep the
client motivated and ensures more
success
Step 6 This is the process is continued by
Continue the ensuring plans are continued
process Include preventing relapse of problems.
Dialectical
Behaviour
Therapy (DBT)
A behavioural treatment that was developed
to treat chronically suicidal individuals
diagnosed with borderline personality
disorder (BPD)
The term "dialectical" means a synthesis or
integration of opposites
For example, DBT therapists accept clients as
they are while also acknowledging that they
need to change in order to reach their goals
Stages of Treatment
in DBT
Therapists work with their clients to reach the goals
of each stage toward having a life that they
experience as worth living
In Stage 1, the client is miserable and their
behaviour is out of control: they may be trying to kill
themselves, self-harming, using drugs and alcohol,
and/or engaging in other types of self-destructive
behaviours
When clients first start DBT treatment, they describe
their mental illness as "being in hell."
The goal of Stage 1 is for the client to move from
being out of control to achieving behavioural control
Stages of Treatment
in DBT
In Stage 2, they're living a life of quiet desperation:
their behaviour is under control but they continue
to suffer, often due to past trauma and invalidation
The goal of Stage 2 is to help the client move from
desperation to full emotional experiencing. This is
the stage in which post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) would be treated
In Stage 3, the challenge is to learn to live: to
define life goals, build self-respect, find peace and
happiness. The goal is that the client leads a life of
ordinary happiness and unhappiness
Stages of Treatment
in
A DBT
fourth stage is needed: finding a deeper
meaning through a spiritual existence
Linehan has posited a Stage 4 specifically for
those clients for whom a life of ordinary
happiness and unhappiness fails to meet a
further goal of spiritual fulfilment or a sense of
connectedness of a greater whole
In this stage, the goal of treatment is for the
client to move from a sense of incompleteness
towards a life that involves an on-going capacity
for experiences of joy and freedom
 HOW
ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOUR IS
FORMED?
Behaviourism to explain
abnormality
From a behavioural perspective,
depression results from a lack
of positive reinforcements
(rewards) or an excess of
unpleasant experiences,
(punishment).
Lewinsohn showed that depressed people received
fewer positive reinforcements and are likely to
have had more unpleasant experiences than non
depressed people.
Behaviorist model of
abnormality
Using the theory of classical
conditioning, explain how a young child
may become phobic of spiders (Little
Albert Experiment)

Using the theory of operant conditioning,

explain how a child may become a sugar
addict. (Skinner Operant Conditioning)
TECHNIQUES
OF
COUNSELLING
 There are a multitude of potential
techniques that a behavioral therapist may
employ. One of these techniques is the use
of what is called behavioural homework,
in which a therapist will offer alternatives
and ways to respond differently to day-to-
day situations that may break the cycle of
a learned, repetitive behaviour.

Another example of a popular behavioural

therapy treatment is contingency
contracting. This begins with a verbal or
written contract that discusses a patients
desired behaviours and includes both
 Modelling, rehearsed behaviour, skills training
techniques, systematic desensitization,
flooding, progressive relaxation and
conditioning are other alternative treatments in
the behavioural therapy and modification.

Furthermore, your therapist may decide upon a

particular branch of behavioural therapy known
as cognitive-behavioural therapy, which
combines certain features of behavioural
modification with the traditional approach of
cognitive restructuring which deals with both
motives and emotions.
 REFERENCES
Boundless. (2016). Behaviour Therapy and Applied Behavioural

Analysis. Retrieved 5 January 2017 from

http://www.boundless.com/

Examples of Id, Ego and Superego. (2016). Retrieved 5 January

2017 from http://www.examples.yourdictionary.com/

G. Corey. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counselling and

Psychotherapy. Fullerton: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
Retrieved 5 January 2017 from
http://www.wildwoundersoflife.blogspot.my

Gotter, A. (2016). Behavioral Therapy. Retrieved from 5

January
2017 from http://www.healthline.com/
 REFERENCES
Ho. (2016). John Watson and Behaviourism: Theory &
Experiment. Retrieved 5 January 2017 from
http://www.study.com/

McLeod, S. (2016). Behaviourist Approach. Retrieved 5 January

2017 from http://www.simplypschology.org/

McLeod, S. (2016). Id, Ego and Superego. Retrieved 5 January

2017 from http://www.simplypschology.org/

McLeod, S. (2016). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved 5 January

2017 from http://www.simplypschology.org/