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MCAS Review

Middle School Science


MCAS Review
Grade 8 MCAS

Physical Science
Earth Science
Life Science
Technology/Engineering
Test Set-up
2 Testing Days

WEDNESDAY 5-17
THURSDAY 5-18

About 47 Total Questions


41 Multiple Choice Questions
6 Open Response Questions
Open Response
Multi-part open response questions are
included on your MCAS.
You will need to answer ALL of the
questions asked.
Be sure to:
Pre-write / Plan / Graphic Organizer
Include Vocabulary Words & Definitions
Explain Thoroughly
Give Examples
Include Labels
Create Diagrams
8th Grade Curriculum
Properties of Matter
The Atom
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Motion
Forms of Energy & Heat
Particle Motion & Phase Changes (15)
Mass vs. Weight (1)
Volume vs. Mass; Density (2)
Measuring Tools (3)
Conservation of Mass (4)
Melting Point & Boiling Point (9)
Physical & Chemical Changes (10)
Solid

Has a definite shape and a definite


volume

Particles are held tightly in place and


vibrate in place
Looks Like
Liquid

Have a definite volume and no definite


shape
Take the shape of a container
Can Pour
Particles slide past one another

Looks Like
Gas
Have NO Definite Shape or Volume

Fill their containers

Particles spread out and move


independently

Looks Like
Plasma

Very high in energy


Plasma has no definite shape or volume
Particles are broken
Plasma is the most common phase of
matter in the universe
Examples: Auroras, lightning, fire, neon
lights
Charles Law
The volume of a gas increases as its
temperature increases

For Example:
A balloon expands and pops when it is
heated.
A balloon contracts and gets smaller when it
is cooled.
Boyles Law
The volume of gas increases as the
pressure decreases

Example: Piston
Lifting the Plunger Decreases the Pressure
Pushing the Plunger Increases the Pressure
States of Matter
Matter changes
phases due to a
change in the
heat energy of an
Phases
objects particles. Add Energy/Heat
Changes
Lose Energy/Heat

Solid Liquid Gas


Measurement
Mass Weight

Volume Temperature
Mass

The amount of matter in an object

Doesnt change with gravity

Measured with a triple-beam balance

SI unit of grams
Inertia
A resistance to a change in motion

The more mass an object has, the more


inertia it has

Example: Grocery Carts & Cars


Weight

The amount of gravitational pull on an


object

Changes with gravity

Measured in Newtons
Volume
The amount of space an object takes-up

Can be measured with a ruler using the formula:


Volume = length * width * height
OR
Volume can be measured with water and a
graduated cylinder using displacement

Solid SI Unit of cm

Liquid SI Unit of mL
Density
The amount of mass in a given volume

Measured with the Formula: * Labeled


Density = Mass / Volume in g/cm

Mass
______________

Density * Volume
Density Stackers
Many liquid mixtures will stack up into
layers by their densities

More dense materials will be below less


dense materials

Example:
Salad Dressing
Characteristic Properties
Describe substances based upon their
characteristics

Example:
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
Physically describe an object based upon
observable and measurable observations

Examples:
COLOR Density Solubility
Mass Malleability Texture
Volume Temperature State
Weight Ductility Melting
Boiling
Melting Point &
Boiling Point
Each Substance has its own Melting &
Boiling Points that are always the same
temperature regardless of the size
Particle Motion &
Temperature Increases
Melting- the change from a solid
to a liquid
Adding energy

Boiling- the change from a liquid


to a gas
Adding Energy
Melting & Boiling Points
Melting Point: Boiling Point:
All Water Melts All water boils
at 0C at 100C
Physical Changes
A change in a substance that affects one
or more physical properties of a substance
The substance does not change
Examples:
Cutting Hair Crushing a Can
Sanding Wood Broken Glass
Melting Butter Freezing Water
Dissolving Salt Bending Metal
Chemical Properties
Describe substances based upon their
ability to change into a new substance
with different properties
Chemical properties are not easily observed
with your senses and often need to be tested
Examples:
Reactivity: Tarnishing, Rusting,
Flammability
Chemical Changes
When substances change into new
substances with different properties

Examples:

Gas Formation Burning Cooking


& Bubbles
Reactivity
Conservation of Mass
Mass cannot be created or destroyed
Even during a chemical reaction, the
mass will remain the same.
Example- Lab with: Vinegar, Baking
Soda, Baggies, Film Canister, & T.B.B.

Before After
There are more than 100 elements on the
periodic table that make up ALL things (5)
Atoms of Elements vs. Molecules of
Compound (6)
Examples of Elements and Compounds (7)
Mixtures vs. Pure Substances (8)
Atomic Theory
Democritus- Proposes the Atom 440 B.C.

Dalton- Atoms are the Smallest Particle

Thomson- Plum Pudding with Electrons

Rutherford- Gold Foil Atoms Nucleus

Bohr- Electrons Travel in Energy Paths

Schrdinger & Heisenberg- Electron Clouds


Atom
The Smallest Unit of an Element
Everything is made of Atoms Energy
Levels
Nucleus
with
Protons
and
Neutrons
Electrons
Protons

Charge: Positive
Mass:1 amu
Location: Nucleus
Proton count determines the element
Protons = atomic number
Neutrons

Charge: none
Mass: 1 amu
Location: Nucleus
*To find the neutrons: atomic mass atomic
number
Electrons
Charge: Negative

Mass: Almost Zero

Location: Electron Clouds

Balanced Atoms: Protons = Electrons


Periodic Table
Organized Data of Elements
Organized by Atomic Number
Over 100 Elements
Contains Many Patterns
Element Cube:
2 Atomic Number

He Chemical Symbol

Helium Element Name

4.0 Atomic Mass


Pure Substances
A substance with only one type of particle

Examples: Elements & Compounds

Pure Substances Cannot be Broken


Down and Retain their Properties
Elements

Elements

Metals Nonmetals Metalloids


Shiny, Strong Semiconductors,
Dull, Poor
Conductors, Have Properties of
Conductors, Brittle
Malleable, Ductile Metals & Nonmetals

Left of zigzag line Right of zigzag line Border the zigzag line
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances
that are not chemically combined.

A mixture is easily separated by physical


means

A mixture is NOT a pure substance.


Separating Mixtures
Techniques:

- Magnet: uses a magnet

- Filter: uses a sifter

- Centrifuge: uses spinning (densities)

- Solutions: uses dissolving

- Distillation: uses boiling point


Chemical Reactions
The process where one or more
substances changes to become one or
more different substances.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS


Mass is never gained or lost in a chemical
reaction
Clues to Chemical Reactions
Gas Formation

Solid Formation

Color Change

Energy Change
Chemical Formulas & Equations
A chemical formula uses symbols and
numbers to represent a compound

Chemical Equations uses formulas and


symbols to show a chemical reaction
Chemical Equations MUST be Balanced and
follow the Law of Conservation of Mass
Example:
C + O2 CO2
Motion is described by
Position, Direction, & Speed
Graphs of Distance vs. Time
(S= D/T)
Motion

A change in an objects position


relative to reference point(s)
during a specific length of time
Distance

Speed * Time
Velocity
Speed an object travels in a given direction

The unit label is ALWAYS a: Distance/Time &


Direction Word
Example: 60 miles/hour West
Example Direction
Words: North, South,
East, West, Left, Right,
Up, Down
Force
A push or a pull
Exerted on one object
by another object

Can affect an objects


speed or direction
Unbalanced forces

If the net force on an object is


NOT ZERO.
The resulting effect is the
object changes its motion.
Balanced forces

If the net force on an object


is ZERO
the resulting effect is the
object has
NO change in its motion.
Friction

Resists Motion Between 2


Objects
Dependent on Texture of
Surfaces
4 major types: Rolling, Sliding,
Static, Fluid
GRAVITY
Gravity is a force of attraction
Exists between any two objects
The force is
dependent upon
The size of the
objects and the
distance they
are from one
another
Law of Universal Gravitation

The force of Gravity is


dependent upon the size of the
object and the distance they
are from one another.
Gravitation force increases
as masses increase
as the distance decreases
Bigger & Closer

Gravitation force decreases


as masses decrease
as the distance increases
Smaller & Farther
Weight is a measurement of
a planets gravitational pull
on the mass of an object.
Therefore, weight is
different on different
planets and
other celestial
Mass vs. Weight
Measured Measured
with a triple with a
beam Newton
balance. spring
scale.
Acceleration is the rate at which
velocity changes.
Gravity causes all objects, regardless
of size, to fall at the same
acceleration
On Earth, all objects fall at a rate of
9.8 m/s/s
Projectile Motion

Occurs when an object has


two forces acting on it:
gravity &
a push-horizontal- force.

The result is a curved path


Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy and
Energy Changes (13)
Heat is Energy that causes temperature
changes (14)
Heat causes Phase Changes (15)
Heat moves from warmer objects to
cooler objects (16)
Different forms of
Energy
Heat/Thermal Nuclear
Light
Chemical Sound

Elastic Electromagnetic
Energy
the ability to do work
Work occurs when an
object moves in the
direction of the applied
force
Energy, like work, is measured in
joules (J).

Energy exists in many different forms


and can change between them:
Energy conversion
Energy transformation
Types of Energy
Potential Kinetic
Energy: Energy:
Stored Energy Energy of
Motion
Energy Changes
Energy can be Transferred
between Potential Energy and
Kinetic Energy
Law of Conservation of
Energy
Energy can not be
created or destroyed.
It can change forms.
Heat
Heat is a form of thermal energy.
Heat is Energy that causes temperature
changes.
Each Substance has unique Melting and
Boiling points.
Heat Changes Particle Motion and Causes
Phase Changes.
Heat Moves from Warm Objects to Cooler
Objects.
Temperature
Temperature is a Measurement of Heat
Temperature is Measured with a Thermometer
Temperature Scales:
Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
Kelvin (k)
Melting Point &
Boiling Point
Each Substance has its own Melting &
Boiling Points that are always the same
temperature regardless of the size
Particle Motion &
Temperature Increases
Melting- the change from a solid
to a liquid
Adding energy

Boiling- the change from a liquid


to a gas
Adding Energy
Melting & Boiling Points
Melting Point: Boiling Point:
All Water Melts All water boils
at 0C at 100C
States of Matter
Matter changes
phases due to a
change in the
heat energy of an
Phases
objects particles. Add Energy/Heat
Changes
Lose Energy/Heat

Solid Liquid Gas


Heat Transfer
Heat moves in predictable
ways from warm objects to
cooler objects
Heat energy moves in three ways:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction :occurs
when energy is
passed directly from
one item to another
Convection
Convection : movement of
gases or liquids from a
cooler spot to a warmer
spot.
Examples- Air Masses,
Earths Mantle; Ocean
Convection : movement of FLUIDS
(GAS OR LIQUID)
from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.

WIND

EARTH

BOILING
Radiation :The sun's rays
travel in straight lines called heat
rays. When sunlight hits the
earth, its radiation is absorbed or
reflected.

Darker surfaces absorb more of the


radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the
radiation.
7th Grade Curriculum
Mapping the Earth
Earths Structure
Heat Transfer
Earths History
The Earth in the Solar System
Mapping the Earth
Recognize, Interpret, & Create models of
Earths Features with Mapping.

Topographic
Maps show the
elevation of an
area of land using
contour lines.
Earths Structure
The Layers of the Earth

Crust- Solid, Oceanic &


Continental
Mantle- Largest Layer
with lithosphere &
asthenosphere;
convection currents
Outer Core- Liquid Molten
Metal
Inner Core- Dense; Solid;
Iron
Heat Transfer
Heat moves in predictable ways
from warm objects to cooler
objects

Heat Energy Moves in 3 ways:


Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction :occurs
when energy is
passed directly from
one item to another
Convection
Convection : movement of
gases or liquids from a
cooler spot to a warmer
spot.
Examples- Air Masses,
Earths Mantle; Ocean
Convection : movement of FLUIDS
(GAS OR LIQUID)
from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.

WIND

EARTH

BOILING
Radiation :The sun's rays
travel in straight lines called heat
rays. When sunlight hits the
earth, its radiation is absorbed or
reflected.

Darker surfaces absorb more of the


radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the
radiation.
Earths History
Millions of years ago
all of Earths land
masses were
together in one large
super continent
called Pangaea.
Over time Pangaea
spread apart due to
continental drift and
sea-floor spreading.
Today, we have 7
continents on Earth.
Evidence
Evidence of the Continental Drift Theory
include:
Physical Evidence (Puzzle-like Continents)
Fossil Evidence
Africa
Glacial Evidence South
Climate Evidence America

Plant Evidence
The Changing Surface
In addition to plate tectonics, Earths
surface is ever changing due to:
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Weathering, Erosion & Deposition
Earthquakes occur when Earths
plates shift and cause shaking on
the surface
Most Earthquakes occur at Plate
Boundaries
A Tsunami is a tidal wave in the
ocean caused by tectonic
(Earthquake) movement of
Earths plates.
Most volcanoes form at plate boundaries

Diverging- mid ocean


ridge, rift valley
Converging- island
arcs/ Mt. St. Helens
Hot spots- not on a
boundary- Hawaii
Rock is broken into
smaller pieces by:
Freezing & Thawing
Release of Pressure
Growth of Plants
Action of Animals
Water
Abrasion
Earth in the Solar System
All objects are
affected by GRAVITY.
Gravitys force is
stronger on larger
objects. Our solar
system is held
together by the Suns
gravity. The Suns
gravity keeps the
planets orbiting
around it.
Just as the planets orbit around the
sun due to the Suns strong gravity,
the moon orbits Earth due to
Earths Gravity.

The moon rotates on


its axis and revolves
around Earth at the
same rate, thats why
only one side of the
moon is visible from
Earth.
Phases of the Moon

Lunar Phases
The Moon appears to go through a complete set of
phases as viewed from the Earth because of its motion
around the Earth, as illustrated in the following figure.
Lunar Eclipses

During a Lunar Eclipse, the Sun, Earth,


& Moon align so that the moon is not
reflecting any of the Suns light. The
moon is not visible from Earth at this
time.
Solar Eclipses
During a Solar Eclipse, the Sun,
Moon, & Earth align so that the
Suns light is not reflecting on
Earth. The Sun is not visible
from Earth at this time.
Day & Night
Earth rotates on its axis once every 24
hours (1 day).
When Earth is turned toward the Sun, it is
daytime.
When Earth is turned away from the sun, it
is nighttime.
Earth revolves around the sun once
every 365 days (1 year).

When the Northern Hemisphere is angled


toward the Sun (direct rays), it is summer.
When Northern Hemisphere is angled
away from the sun (indirect rays), it is
winter.

Winter in N.H.
Summer in N.H.
Summer in S.H.
Winter in S.H.
UNIVERSE

GALAXIES

SOLAR SYSTEMS

PLANET
The Universe is made of billions of
Galaxies
Galaxies are made of billions of Stars
We live in the Milky Way Galaxy
The Sun is the only Star in Our Solar
System
We live on Planet Earth UNIVERSE
GALAXIES
SOLAR SYSTEM
PLANET
6th Grade Curriculum
Classification of Organisms
Structure and Function of Cells
Systems in Living Things
Reproduction & Heredity
Evolution & Biodiversity
Living Things & Their Environment
Energy & Living Things
Changes in Ecosystems Over Time
Structure and Function of Cells
Cells are the basic units
of life.
All living things are made
of cells.
Cells are very small and
can only be seen with a
microscope.
Cells

There are different types of cells:


Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Some living things are multi-cellular
Example: plant, animal
Some living things are unicellular
Example: bacteria, yeast
Parts of the Cell
Cell Wall-the outside of the cell
that strengthens the cell
membrane
Cell Membrane- keeps
cytoplasm in; allows nutrients
in & waste out
Chloroplasts-hold green
chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Vacuoles- store water & fluid
Nucleus- holds cells DNA
Cytoplasm-fluid in cell
Mitochondria- breakdown food
in the cell
Plant Cell
Plant Cells are
found in plants.
Unlike Animal
Cells, Plants
Cells contain:
Cell Wall &
Chloroplasts so
that they can
make food using
photosynthesis.
Animal Cell

Animal Cells are


found in
animals.

Unlike Plants
Cells, Animal
Cells do not
contain: Cell
Wall &
Chloroplasts.
Cellular Functions
Cells function similar to living
organisms:
Extracting Energy from Food
Disposing of Waste
Reproduction (Mitosis)
Heredity
All living things have traits.
Traits are stored in chromosomes.
These are passed on from one
generation to the next in genes.
Human cells contain about 30,000
different genes on 23 different
chromosomes.
Punnett Squares show
possible inheritance.
Reproduction
There are 2 types of reproduction:

Sexual: 2 Parent Cells Join Together to


Form a New Individual; Offspring Inherit
Half of Their Genes from each Parent
Example: Plants & Animals

Asexual: only 1 Parent Cell is Needed;


Parent Cell is Copied; Mitosis Occurs
Example: Single-celled Organisms
Genes of DNA

Cells & Body


Tissues

Organs

Systems
Systems in Living Things
The Human Bodys Major Systems:
Digestion: Food Energy
Respiration: Breathing
Reproduction: Population
Circulation: Blood Flow
Excretion: Waste
Immune: Protection from Disease
Movement, Control, Coordination:
Moving, Thinking, Planning, Processing
Classification of Organisms
Classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on
their similarities.
Hint:
Levels: King----Kingdom
Kingdom- large general group Philip---Phylum
Phylum- Came--Classes
Kingdoms are
Classes- continuously Over----Orders
broken down
Orders- into classified For------Families
groups until
Families- species Grape--Genus
Soda---Species
Genus-
Species- one kind
Kingdoms
Plantae Protista
All living organisms belong to one of the
kingdoms
There are five Kingdoms:
1. Bacteria- E. coli,
2. Protista- single-celled organisms
3. Plantae- plants, flowers & trees Animalia
4. Fungi- fungus, mold & mushrooms
5. Animalia- animals, people, pets, bugs

Fungi
Bacteria
Evolution & Biodiversity
Evolution: organisms adapt and change
over time
Evidence: geology, fossils, comparative
anatomy
Extinctions: many species have not been
able to adapt to habitat changes over time
Survival of the fittest
Living Things & Their
Environment

Organisms interact with one another


and have different functions within an
ecosystem that enable the ecosystem
to survive.
Circle of Life
Food Web- Energy from food flows from
one organism to another

Parts of the Food Web:


Producers- use sunlight to make food
Example: Plants
Consumers-eat producers & organisms
Example: animals
Decomposers-break down remains of
dead organisms
Example: bacteria & fungi
Decomposers & Nitrogen Cycle
Decomposers- Living organisms break
down dead plants & animals (bacteria,
fungus)
Nitrogen is produced in this cycle.
Broken down material is used for compost
and has nutrients in it that contribute to the
system.
Plants use energy from sunlight to make
sugars from carbon dioxide and water
through photosynthesis.
This food can be used immediately, stored
for later use, or used by other organisms.
Photosynthesis
The process where plants capture light energy
from the sun and change it into food.
Ecosystems
Ecosystem- the habitat of living
organisms
Land: Forests, Grasslands,
Deserts, Tundra
Marine: Beaches, Seafloor, Reefs
Freshwater: Moving Water, Still
Water, Wetlands
Changes in Ecosystems
Over Time
Changes in the ecosystem can cause
extinction, habitat damage, & global warming.

Ecosystems are effected by:


Pollution
Resource Depletion
Alien Species
Human Population Growth
Habitat Destruction
Energy Resources
Energy Resources: Natural, Fossil Fuels, & Alternatives
Natural Resources include wood, gasoline, wind

Fossil Fuels: nonrenewable energy resource


- Made over millions of years from buried
organisms
- Create environmental pollution problems
- Examples: coal, natural gas, petroleum

Alternatives: renewable & easy to replace resources


- Most are cleaner & safer.
- Examples: Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Biomass,
Nuclear (Dangerous)
Middle School Curriculum
Materials, Tools, & Machines
Engineering Design
Communication Technologies
Manufacturing Technologies
Construction Technologies
Transportation Technologies
Bioengineering Technologies
Materials, Tools, & Machines
Appropriate materials, tools, & machines
enable us to solve problems, invent, &
construct

Pliers
Hammer & Nail
Hand Saw

Skill Saw

Wrench &
Tape Measure Screws Screwdriver Drill
Engineering Design

Engineering Design Involves Modeling


and Developing Solutions
Example- Balloon Powered Car Challenge
Plan Materials
Sketch / Prototype / Model
Construct & Build
Test
Evaluate
Communication Technologies
Ideas can be communicated
through drawings, reports, &
pictures
Manufacturing Technologies
Manufacturing is the process of converting raw
materials into physical goods
Example-Sneaker Factory:
Research & Development Research

Production / Assembly
Marketing / Sales / PR
Quality Control
Store Distribution Marketing

Distribution Production
Construction Technologies
Building structures for transportation,
shelter, business, etc

Suspension Bridge Beam Bridge


Arch Bridge
Parts of a House
Foundation- base; stabilizes house
Roof-covers house; protection
Framing-shapes house; supports walls
Insulation- temperature control
Siding- protects insulation
Transportation Technologies
Systems & Devices that move goods and
people from one place to another by land,
air, water, or space.

Water
Land Space
Air
Forces
Force- a push or a pull
Pressure- the amount of force in an area
Lift- an upward force that opposes gravity
Thrust- a forward force
Drag- opposes motion in fluids
Bioengineering Technologies
Explore the production of mechanical
devices, products, & natural substances
that can improve health & daily life.

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