PRESENTATION ON

ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
Globalization have resulted
into rapid industrialization
and commercialization in
India resulting in several
environmental economic
disasters and social
compromises
POLLUTION
THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF POLLUTIONS:-
1. LAND POLLUTION
2. AIR POLLUTION
3. WATER POLLUTION
4. NOISE POLLUTION

PRESENTATION ON
LAND POLLUTION
Land system

A Land Information System (LIS) consists

of an accurate, current and reliable land
record cadastre and its associated attribute
and spatial data that represent the legal
boundaries of land tenure and provides a
vital base layer capable of integration into
other geographic systems or as a
standalone solution that allows data
stewards to retrieve, create, update, store,
view, analyze and publish land information.
LAND SYSTEM IN INDIA
The southern half of India is a largely upland
area that thrusts a triangular peninsula (c.1,300
mi/2,090 km wide at the north) into the Indian
Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east
and the Arabian Sea on the west and has a
coastline c.3,500 mi (5,630 km) long; at its
southern tip is Kanniyakumri (Cape Comorin). In
the north, towering above peninsular India, is the
Himalayan mountain wall, where rise the three
great rivers of the Indian subcontinentthe
Indus, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra.
The Genetic alluvial plain, which has much of India's arable
land, lies between the Himalayas and the dissected plateau
occupying most of peninsular India. The Ravalli range, a
ragged hill belt, extends from the borders of Gujarat in the
southwest to the fringes of Delhi in the northeast. The plain is
limited in the west by the Than (Great Indian) Desert of
Rajasthan, which merges with the swampy Rann of Kachchh to
the south. The southern boundary of the plain lies close to the
Yamuna and Ganges rivers, where the broken hills of the
Chambal, Beta, and Son rivers rise to the low plateaus of
Malwa in the west and Chita Nagpur in the east.
The Narmada River, south of the Vindhya hills, marks the
beginning of the Deccan. The triangular plateau, scarped by
the mountains of the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats, is
drained by the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers; they break
through the Eastern Ghats and, flowing east into the Bay of
Bengal, form broad deltas on the wide Coromandel Coast.
Further north, the Mahanadi River drains India into the Bay of
Bengal. The much narrower western coast of peninsular India,
comprising chiefly the Malabar Coast and the fertile Gujarat
plain, bends around the Gulf of Khambat in the north to the
Kathiawar and Kachchh peninsulas. The coastal plains of
peninsular India have a tropical, humid climate.
Maintenance of land records

COMPLETION OF ALL DATA ENTRY RELATED TO DIGITIZATION OF LAND

RECORDS
PROVISION OF LEGAL SANCTITY TO COMPUTERIZED RECORDS-OF-RIGHTS
(RORS)
STOPPING FURTHER ISSUE OF MANUAL RORS
SETTING UP COMPUTER CENTERS AT TEHSILS
ENABLING WEB ACCESS
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE MMP ARE:
TO FACILITATE EASY MAINTENANCE AND UPDATES IN LAND DATABASES
TO PROVIDE FOR COMPREHENSIVE SCRUTINY TO MAKE LAND RECORDS
TAMPER-PROOF (IN AN EFFORT TO REDUCE THE MENACE OF LITIGATION AND
SOCIAL CONFLICTS ASSOCIATED WITH LAND DISPUTES)
TO PROVIDE THE REQUIRED SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES FOR WHICH DATA ABOUT DISTRIBUTION OF
LAND HOLDINGS IS VITAL
TO FACILITATE DETAILED PLANNING FOR INFRASTRUCTURAL AS WELL AS
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT
TO FACILITATE PREPARATION OF AN ANNUAL SET OF RECORDS IN THE
MECHANISED PROCESS, THEREBY PRODUCING ACCURATE DOCUMENTS FOR
RECORDING DETAILS SUCH AS COLLECTION OF LAND REVENUE, CROPPING
PATTERN, ETC.
TO FACILITATE A VARIETY OF STANDARD AND AD-HOC QUERIES ON LAND DATA
TO PROVIDE DATABASE FOR AGRICULTURAL CENSUS
CORE SERVICES OFFERED UNDER THE LAND RECORDS MMP ARE:
ISSUE OF COPIES OF RORS
CROP, IRRIGATION AND SOIL DETAILS
FILING AND TRACKING OF STATUS OF MUTATION CASES
AVAILABILITY AND SUBMISSION OF FORMS

Uses of land
DOS
Land-use systems determine our well-being to
a considerable extent, and large public
budgets are spent on policies that regulate
them. Yet, as land-use systems exhibit strong
autonomous dynamics, effects of policies turn
out to be difficult to anticipate. Sometimes a
policy evokes hardly any effect; other times
an unexpectedly strong response occurs, often
with a cascade of undesired side-effects.
DONTS
Deforestation.
Provision of legal sanctity to
computerized Records-of-Rights
(RoRs)
Stopping further issue of manual
RORs
Setting up computer centers at
Tehsils
Enabling Web access
The main objectives of the MMP are:
To facilitate easy maintenance and
updates in land databases
 Land pollution
Land Pollution:
Agriculture + industrial activities + waste generation
- Intensive use of chemical fertilizers
- Intensive land exploitation

x 4.5 in 40 years
WHAT CAN BE DONE?
Depletion of natural resources
Land degradation and desertification
The use of chemical fertilizers in China is two times
higher than in other countries

Continuous expansion of desert = desertification

1950s 1970s: 1,500 km /yr 2

2003: 3,000 km /yr 2

Sandstorms from the Gobi desert hit Northern China

every year, reaching into Korea and Japan, and
sometimes even crossing the Pacific Ocean and arrivin
at west American shores
* Ref: UNID
How much waste do we
really waste a year
Land pollution is the environmental
contamination with man made waste
Everyday, Americans formulate 5
pounds of solid waste.
This leads to the accumulation of one
ton of waste per year just in the U.S.
 Where do we hide all the
waste?
Landfills are a popular way to dispose of the waste, but arent
very practical
Now, they are leaning towards sanitary landfills, but they can
also be quite deceiving.

Landfill: a site where wastes are disposed of by burial.

Sanitary landfill: A landfill where wastes are spread in layers
and compacted by bulldozers. (Environmental Science, Scott
Foresman-Addison Wesley)
Garbage
Incinerator
Landfill
The many types of
land pollution
Solid waste
Topsoil Erosion
Soil loss and desertification
Hazardous waste
Reactive waste
Corrosive waste
Ignitable waste
Toxic waste
Radioactive waste
Medical waste
Home waste
INDIA-LAND OF AGRICULTURE
SHOULD BE DONE SHOULD NOT BE DONE
 Need for Integrated
Land
The efforts towards evolving a workable revenue settlement between the
State and
the peasants can be traced to the era of Turku-Afghan rule in India, around
1300 AD
when Diwani-i-Amir Kohi (Department of Agriculture during the reign of Sultan
Muhammad Bin Tughlug) and Diwan-i-Mustakhraj (i.e. Department of Land
Revenues) were during the rule of Ala-ud-din Khilji were established. The Khilji
ruler
divided the property rights/tenure into tree classes:
Khalsa or Crown-Lands
Iqta or lands granted to followers and officers from certain years
Muqta or lands granted to followers and officers for the life time of the
grantee
The ruler also collected Khiraj or land tax from the Hindu chiefs.
Need for Accurate LAND Survey
The wanton growth of Indian population and consequential pressure has been the
cause of fast depletion of our natural resources. Growth of urban conglomerates, loss
of fertile lands and growing commercial attitude towards agricultural activities have
tremendously boosted the land prices throughout the country. It has instilled
awareness in the common man about the necessity to delimit and protect his land
holding with more care than ever before.
After 1905, the Survey of India which had been responsible for all kinds of land
surveys including those for revenue settlements, caused the transfer of Cadastral
surveys to the Provincial Governments probably due to attendant administrative and
legal issues which fell beyond the competence of the Department. If we look at
current status of survey technique employed by the Revenue Department in Uttar
Pradesh, it does offer a lot of scope for improvement in the use of equipments
 IMPROVEMENTS IN LAND
SURVEY TECHNIQUES
In order to rationalize and improve the accuracy of cadastral surveys, it is
expedient
to evolve a coordinate system for revenue and cartographic delineation of the
land
holdings. There are many options that are being debated among scientists and one
of them is the adoption of a topographical projection system of India for
cadastral
surveys, as it offers attractive possibility of integrating all cadastral survey
datasets.
Further, it may also provide basic ground data for easy and timely updating of
topographical maps. The topographical maps of India are based on a poly-conic
projection system using Everest spheriod as geodetic datum. This projection
system
is still in vogue probably for strategic reasons though its relevance
WASTE WHICH
GROWING IN INDIA
The inherent inaccuracy in the
cadastral survey methods as above, rakes
up a host of issues which often lead to
protracted litigation among the
landowners. Besides, it encourages
corrupt practices
among the officials responsible for
cadastral survey and consolidation of
land
holdings.
 STEP TO IMPROVE LAND
Sub-soil water table
Environmental suitability
Average climatic conditions
Proximity to the urban
centers
Transport facility
Price Structure of agricultural
goods
Marketing facility in the
solution for the integration of
land surveys
A possible solution for the integration of land
surveys of the various states in
India may be the division of Indian territory into
various zones for the purpose of
cadastral surveys. Each zone may have its own
coordinate system for reference. As
the irregular shapes of administrative boundaries of
the provinces do not offer the
possibility of zoning on the basis of provincial
territories, the State may accept a
particular zone reference system for its land
operation and data description.
Revenue Assessm entin india

The State enters into revenue settlement with the cultivator or owner of the land
which is reviewed and revised after 20 years. The parameters which are normally
considered to determine the quantum of revenue for each land holding include
the
soil type, status of irrigation, average agricultural produce for each soil-type, and
other non-agricultural usage of land which contribute towards enhancement of its
commercial value. For example, the land revenues assessed are also charged on
the
trees or buildings standing on the holding or the rents and profits thereof. For the
purpose of taxation, lands are divided into two categories namely agricultural and
non-agricultural, and the state makes the necessary declaration to that effect at
the
request of the land owner.
COLLARGE ON
LAND
 Bibliography
Group Members:-
Dimanshu
Bakshi(845)
Karan
Chaudhary(857)
And last but not the least :-
INTERNET
ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND
GEOGRAPHY BOOKS..!!
 At last .

THANKYOU FOR
WATCHING OUR SPECIAL
THANK YOU
POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION
TO MS. RUCHI SINGH