WELCOME

MIS 104:
Computing
Fundamentals

BBA
Department of MIS
University of Dhaka
 Books

1. Introduction to Computer
Peter Norton
2. Computer Fundamentals
Dr. M Lutfar Rahman
3. Computer Fundamentals
Pradeep K. Sinha

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Previous class

>>Organization of computer
Input Unit
Output Unit
Memory unit
Control Unit
ALU
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Todays Class
Output unit

>>Output Unit
Printer
Monitor
plotter
Speaker

Touch Screen

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Printer

Two types- Impact & non-impact

Impacts are Type writers like dot matrix,

line printer, drum printer

Non-impact printer works by creating

images like ink jet printer, laser printer,
photo printer, Thermal printers.
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Dot matrix printer: Mechanism

Consists of print head which have a cluster

(matrix) of short pins arranged in one or
more columns

Receiving command from the CPU, the

print head pushes the appropriate pins in
and out of its cluster

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Dot matrix printer: Mechanism

Clusters in various combination can create

various alphanumeric characters

When pin is out of cluster, produced pin strike

the ribbon and press ink on the paper

The more pin in the cluster then higher the

resolution

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Dot Matrix Printer

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Dot matrix printer: Advantages

Can make carbon copies

Lowest print cost per page

Ink ribbon does not easily dry out

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Dot matrix printer: Dis-advantages

Noise level is very high

Resolution is very low

Limited quality

Limited color performance

Low speed of printing

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Laser printer: mechanism

It uses laser light for printing mechanism

Just as the electron gun in a monitor can

target at any pixel, the Laser in a laser printer
can aim at any point on the drum, cresting a
electric charge

The laser reflecting from the scanning mirror

moving through the beam alignment lens
falls on imaging drum

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Laser printer: mechanism

Toner contains tiny particles of ink strikes

to the drum in the places the laser has
charged

Then with the pressure and heat, the

toner is transferred off the drum onto the
paper
The amount memory used, determines
the speed of printing.
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Laser Printer

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Laser printer: Advantages

Very high speed

No irritating sound like dot matrix printer
Low noise level
Low maintaince requirements
High quality image
Excellent graphics quality
A variety type of size and qualities
Monochrome printing speed: 4-16 ppm
Resolution: 300, 600 dpi (high quality: 1200-
1800dpi)

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Laser printer: Dis-advantages

Printer is costly
Rough use can damage the lens and the
mirror
Toner is costly and need to be changed
after a thousand of page printed.

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Ink jet printers: requirements

Requires the ink nozzle containing CMYK

CMYK (cyan-blue, magenta-red, yellow,

black)

Also requires specially coated papers

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Ink jet printers: Mechanism

Ink is exposed to UV radiation source where

chemical reaction will take place

A shuttered mercury vapor lamp is on either

side of print head & produces a great
amount of heat to complete the curing
process

UV do not evaporate rather cure

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Ink jet printers: Mechanism

Monomers due to UV ray forms polymer

resulting high molecule which sets as a
image on paper or plastic

No material is removed that means 100%

of delivered volume is used to provide
colorization

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Inkjet Printer

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Ink jet printers: Advantages

Do not need warm up time

Noise level is very low i.e. almost quite
Print finer, smoother with high resolution
Instant dry saves time
Printing Speed: 2-4 ppm
Resolution: 300 dpi, 600 dpi
Cartridge are less costly (than toner)
Most uses separate color cartridge and a BW
cartridge which saves ink.

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Ink jet printers: Dis-advantages

Relatively slow printing

clogged jets when not used

Very narrow ink jet nozzle can coagulate

with dry ink at the head

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Output device: Monitor

Categories based on the prime

hardware used
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Ex- typical monitors with heavy weight

Flat-panel display
Ex- LCD, LED etc

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Output device: Monitor

Categories based on the color display

Monochrome: One color on a black
background

Grayscale: Shades of gray on a white or

off-white background

Color: From 16 to 16 million unique colors

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Other kinds of monitor

Paper-white display

Electroluminescent (ELD) display

Plasma/gas plasma display

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Monitor : Phosphor dots

The only single unit dot which is

responsible for the image display

There are three types of phosphor dots

they are red, green and blue i.e. RGB

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Monitor : Pixel

Pixel, short for picture element, is the

smallest number of phosphor dots that
the electron gun inside the monitor can
focus on {01M pixel= 01 Million pixels}
Three phosphor dots combine to form a
single unit pixel
01
pixel

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Resolution

The more you have pixels in your

monitor you will be able to see the more
clear and sharp image.
This sharpness is called resolution
For more resolution you must have more
pixels per inch area on the monitor and
minimum distance of dot pitch

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Refresh rate & Dot pitch

Refresh rate: It is the number of times

per second that the electron guns scan
every pixel on the screen

Dot pitch: The distance between the

same color phosphor dots of the pixel

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Organization of (CRT)

Its main part is a cathode ray tube.

At its one end there is a source of high
voltage.
There is a magnetic coil/yolk ; which is
used to control the flow of electron
At the back of the screen there are
phosphor dots

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Mechanism

Electron gun shoots streams of electrons at

a high voltage towards the screen

Magnetic coil controls the flow of electrons

Phosphor dots on the back of the screen

glow when the electron beam hit them

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Mechanism : Scanning

Electron gun do not scan it randomly but

in a designed fashion
The electron gun scans from left to right
Then from top to bottom
Refreshing every phosphor dot in a zigzag
pattern

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Mechanism : Scanning

left right

top

bottom

Indicates pixel

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Why TV is not used as monitor?

Television display contains resolution which is

just a half of computer monitor. So it cannot show
output of computer operation.

Resolution indicates the sharpness of an image

determined by the number of pixels on the
screen. TV contains only the half number of
pixels than monitor, so the resolution

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Advantages of CRT monitor

Refresh rate is high

Relatively low cost

Viewing angle is more i.e. can be seen

from different angle

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Disadvantages of CRT monitor

Large In size

Not portable

Requires a lot of power to run it

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Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor

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Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor

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Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor

the pixels are addressed in rows and

columns

The column and row wires attach to

transistor switches, one for each pixel.

The one-way current passing

characteristic of the transistor
prevents the charge applied to the
pixel from draining between refreshes
to the display image

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Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor

Small in size, small space requires

Portable as weight is less than CRT

monitor

High resolution

A little power consumption

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Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor

Small in size, small space requires

Portable as weight is less than CRT

monitor

High resolution

A little power consumption

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Disadvantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor

Low refresh rate

Viewing angle is low

Images can be difficult to see in bright

light

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Output unit: Speaker

Speaker is well known output device

usually outputs sound
It is attached with the sound card of the
computer
Sound can be controlled by controller
Electric signal is converted and it changes
the air pressure outside which we call
sound
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How a Sound Card Works?

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Output device: Touch screen

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Output unit: Plotter

A output unit like printer used to print

large size posters

Requires specified paper and ink

It takes a few hours to print the poster

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Output unit: Plotter

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Memory Unit
Memory
Memory:
One or more set of chips that stores data or
programmed instructions either temporarily or
permanently.
Classification of memory:
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory

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 Location of different memories

ALU
CONTROL
INPUT UNIT OUTPUT
UNIT UNIT
MAIN MEMORY
OR
RESISTERS

SECONDARY MEMORY
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Calculations of storage capacity

01 BYTE (B) 08 bit

01KB 1024 B

01 MB 1024.1024 B

01 GB 1024.1024.1024 B

01 TB 1024.1024.1024.1024 B

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Memory Terminologies

A
0000
Memory Address: 0001 B
Memory locations are 0002 100
identified by numbers

FFFD X
FFFE Y
FFFF

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Memory Terminologies

A
Memory Word: 0000
When memory is read or written, a block 0001 B
of bit is read or written instead of a
single bit. 0002 100

The block is considered to be a unit of

operation/processing

FFFD X
A set of bit with which read/write
operation is done in a certain storage FFFE Y
device is called memory word
FFFF
Example: 08 bits or 01 Byte memory
word clearly 01000000 (08 bits)
represents 64 and its character is @;
here, this digital 08 bits in combine
known as a memory word

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Memory Terminologies

Destructive:
composed of capacitors, data disappears when
read operation is done, needs re-write
operation to retain data

Non-destructive:
reverse nature
Example: semiconductor, switch, flash
memory, pen drive

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Memory Terminologies

Volatile:
Type of memory where data remains only when
the power supply is on.
Ex-RAM

Non-volatile:
here content remains even the power is turned
off
Example: hard disk, floppy disk, flash drive etc

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Memory Terminologies:
Memory operation

Memory store/write:
The process of storing or writing data at the
specific location of the memory
Data is stored as bits
Ex- CD writing operation

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Memory Terminologies:
Memory operation

Memory read:
Also called fetch operation
To read stored data or to process that stored
data
A binary word is selected from a specific
address of memory and this is transferred to
another device
Example: To hear a song from CD or any drive

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Memory Terminologies:
Memory access

Random access:
Any location of storage can be accessed at
any moment
Does not matter whether the desired access
location is too close or a far away
Consumes almost same amount of time
Found in primary and secondary memory

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Memory Terminologies:
Memory access

Sequential:
accessing a bit of information in a serial order,
one after another
Access time depends on the last
order/information execution time
Example: Off line storage such as playing a
song from magnetic tape

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Primary memory

Includes RAM & ROM

CPU access directly on this memory

Normally volatile in nature

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Primary memory: RAM

Central storage unit

Volatile

Temporary in nature

Holds operating systems, application programme,

data in current use

Other name is (Read/Write) memory

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Different types of RAM

S RAM- Exhibits data remanance but still

volatile as data dissolves when turn off

D RAM- Data disappears after a certain

period automatically if it is not refreshed.
This type of RAM needs periodically re-
read or re-written. Ex- Z-RAM, TT-RAM,
A-RAM

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Primary memory: ROM

Proportionally read operation is more than write

operation

Contains user programmed instructions like

Bootstrap loader

Non-volatile

permanent

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 Different types of ROM

ROM

M ROM M ROM M ROM M ROM

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Secondary memory

Auxiliary unit
Storing capacity is huge
Normally non-volatile

Normally two types-

1. Magnetic
2. Optical

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Secondary memory: Magnetic

Variation of Magnet polarity determines

whether the bit will be 0 or 1

Data write process is done by

electromagnetic head

Ex- hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape

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Secondary memory: Optical

Variation of light reflection determines the

nature of bits

Data is written with the help of LASER or

UV rays

Ex-CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW, BD-R

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Memory address:

It is a number or a set of digital number

(bit/Bytes) in the memory

This address specially represented by

binary numbers

Decimal, Octal, Hex-decimal numbers are

also used for addressing
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Virtual memory:

When secondary memory is used as primary

memory then this is called virtual

Provide assistance to the RAM, by creating space

for the great amount of data

When RAM finishes its access, virtual memory

vanishes

Virtual memory can be selected by user

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Cache memory:

Small memory chip is attached between

CPU & main memory
Give the assistance to the resisters
Speed up the data process
Three types of cache memory is found e.g.
L1(CPU resident), L2 & L3 (mother board)

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Resisters

They are not the part of main memory but

store data and pass as directed by CPU
The size of the resisters which is
sometimes called the word size,indicates
the amount of data with which CPU can
work/access.
Ex- 32 bits processor means, 04 bytes data
processing capability

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Question...???