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 What Exactly are Plants?
*Nonvascular
Plants*
Includes phyla
Bryophyta,
Hepatophyta, and
nn iizz aa ttiioon n** Anthocerophyta
Plants:
**OO r
r gg aa
ss aa rr ee
a
iinn living
tthhee organism of the kind exemplified byptrees,
These lants lack
ppllaann
Allllshrubs,
A tt
dd oo mm PP llaa nn herbs,
ttaaee,, aanndd grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically vascular tissue,
kkiinngg aaee iaiss and they dont
growing o
o mm P
P llaa n
n tt
in permanent site, absorbing water and
kkiinnggdd s c u lar Plants* produce seeds,
ee d
d iinn t
t o
o 11 22 *V a
ddivivinorganic
iidd
EE aa cc hh substances through c lu d e s p h y its
lu m roots, and synthesizing
but rather spores.
ddiviviiss iioo n
n ss .. In ,
nutrients ffoo rr mm in
ee d
d its leaves by if photosynthesis
e ro p h y ta , G in k ophytausing Bthe
ecaugreen
se of their
ddiv
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is C o n
n ts tthh e
e h y ta , C y adophyta inability to
*Vascuddepigment
la r
epp eePnnla
d
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l
G n e to p
re referred to transport water
S e e d s * uu ee aann dd aa h e s e p h y lu m a
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Includes ph ylum e
ee e dd ss .. a s G y m n o s p erms, which and nutrients,
tthh ee iirr ss non-
Pteridophyta ean that they are these plants are
m
This group does e ri n g a n d th e y produce generally very
fow
indeed have an ovary small.
se eds not closed in
vascular tissues, w hen it is mature),
and
but they do not o p h y ta (A n d th is phyla is
Anth ich
prod u ce se e d s. Angiosperm, wh
 Seed Plants
Most plants grow from seeds. These seed plants fall into
two groups, angiosperms and gymnosperms, as we have
learned already. Angiosperms are the fowering plants.
Their seeds develop inside a female reproductive part of
the fower, called the ovary, which usually ripens into a
protective fruit. Gymnosperms do not have fowers or
ovaries.
Seeds may be carried away from the parent plant by
wind, water, or animals. A seed is the first stage in the
life cycle of a plant. Protected inside the tough seed coat
is the baby plant, called an embryo. Food, which fuels
germination and growth, is either packed around the
embryo or stored in special seed leaves, called
cotyledons. Most seeds require damp, warm conditions in
order to sprout. During germination, the seed absorbs
water and the embryo starts to use its food store. A
young root, or radicle, begins to grow downward. Then a
young shoot, or plumule, grows upward. This develops
into the stem and produces leaves. The first leaves, Picture of a C
called seed leaves or cotyledons, fuel the early growth o rn
until the plants true leaves appear. Seed
 The Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm: seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and
conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary
*Life
*Life Cycle*
Cycle*
*Reep
*R du
rod
pro n**
tioon
uccti They
They have
have male
male and
and female
female
hyte
hy te
eenn sp
gree orop
spor op
In gy
In gym mnonospspererm ms, s, aa gr
alee anandd
reproductive
reproductive organs
organs mostly
mostly
ness co cont ning
aini
ntai ng m mal
gene
ge nera rate cone
tess co cellll in
in in
in the
the form
form ofof cones.
cones. Their
Their
hyte tes. Thee m
s. Th othe
mot herr ce
fem
fe malalee gagam metetopophy
divi dess by
vide by m mei osis
eios is to
to microsporophylls
microsporophylls release
release
thee fe
th fem mal cone
alee co ne di ee ofof
megegasaspoporere s;
s; on
on
oduc ucee fofourur hahapl ploioidd m pollen
pollen into
into the
the air
air to
to make
make
prod
pr rm th
form thee
aspoporeress didivi dess to
vide to fo
ththee m meg egas available
available toto the
the ovule,
ovule, in
in
etopophy hyte Thee m
te.. Th malalee
fem
fe mal alee gagammet ne,,
on th fem
thee fe malalee cocone the
the megasporophylls
megasporophylls
gam
ga met etopophyhytete la ndss on
land
thro ughh w
roug whi ch th
hich thee
in
ingg aa po
po lle
lle nn tu
tu be th
be causing
causing fertilization.
fertilization. Their
Their
foform
rm alee
to m mee eett ththee fefemmal
avel
trav
cellll tr
ce elss to m cecells
lls seeds
seeds develop
develop without
without aa
ee of
of thee tw
th sper
twoo sp erm
gam
ga m etetop
op hy
hy te
te .. On
On
sess w
fuse
cellll fu
tivee ce
rativ with
ith protective
protective covering
covering ofof
leasased by th
ed by thee ge gene nera
rerele zygogote that
te th at
form
g, fo rmin ingg aa didipl oidd zy
ploi ovary
ovary wall.
wall.
thee eg
th egg,
formrm th thee emembr yo..
bryo
vide
divi
di dess toto fo
 The Angiosperms
Angiosperms: Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms
and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by characteristics including
fowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain
the seeds.
ti
tio
onn a
a n
n dd L ifee C
Lif Cyyccle le**
*R
*R e
eppro
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d u
ucc oidd
ploi
dipl
s, thee an
s, th ther
anth s, di
ers,
part rt
In th
In fow
thee fo wer s m
ers mal alee pa
derg rgoo m mei eios In th
is.. In
osis thee
mmic icro spor
rosp angi
oran giumum un unde
aspoporo cyst
rocy unde
st un dergrgoeoess
w
w er
erss ov
ov ul
ules
es ,, th
th ee mmegegas
fo
fo pore s. N
res. Nex extt
cr
cr ea
ea tin
tin gg fo
fo ur
ur mm egas
eg aspo
mmei eios
os is
is trav
ainn tr avelelss to
to
cu
cu rs
rs .. Th
Th ee polle
po llenn grgrai
llina
polli
po na tio
tio n
n oc
oc
winind,d, ininsesectctss oror ot herr
othe
thee st
th igm
stig maa viviaa w igm
stig maa itit
de
de vi
vi ce
ce s.
s. On
On ce on th
ce on thee st
tran
tr sfor
ansf orm matatio
io na
na ll
be do
be dow wnn th styl
thee st yle. Twoo
e. Tw
ge
ge ne
ne ra
ra te
te s
s aa po
po lle
lle nn tu
tu
ch po
ch polle be in
tube
llenn tu to th
into thee
sper ermm tr
trav
av el
el do
do ww nn ea
ea
sp eggg to
thee eg prod
to pr oducucee
OO ne
ne sp
sp er
er mm ss fe
fe rt
rt ili
ili zess th
ze
ovar
ov ary.
y. thee cecentntra cellll
rall ce
dd th
th ee ot
ot he
he rr fe
fe rt
rt ili zess th
ilize
aa zy gote
zygo te an
an give
ill gi ve ririse
se
sp
sp or
or e.
e. Th
Th ee zygo
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gote will
to fo
to rm th
form th ee en
en do
do
be en encl ed w
osed
clos ith th
with thee
an
an em
em br
br yo
yo an
an dd w
w ill be
ill
to
to spor
dosp oree gi vess th
give thee
or
or e
e in
in aa se
se ed
ed .. Thee en
Th endo
endo
en do sp
sp thee se ed do
seed does es
gy
gy to
to ge
ge rm
rm in ate.
inat e. O ncee th
Onc
embr
em br yoyo en
en er
er turn
ly tu
ally
tual rn
even
ill ev
will
w entu
Stamen:
Stamen: pollen-producing
pollen-producing
reproductive
reproductive organ
organ of
of aa fower
fower

Pistils:
Pistils: the
the female
female organs
organs of
of aa
fower,
fower, comprising
comprising the
the stigma,
stigma,
style,
style, and
and ovary
ovary

Sepals:
Sepals: each
each of
of the
the parts
parts of
of the
the
calyx
calyx of
of aa fower,
fower, enclosing
enclosing the
the
petals
petals and
and typically
typically green
green and
and
leafike
leafike

Petals:
Petals: each
each of
of the
the segments
segments ofof the
the
corolla
corolla of
of aa fower,
fower, which
which are
are
modified
modified leaves
leaves and
and are
are typically
typically
The Structure of
colored
colored

a Flower
 Works Cited
Biology 1 Chapter 13A The kingdom Plantae Packet
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity
_6.html
https://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/gymnosperms.htm
http://www.ck12.org/biology/Gymnosperm-Life-Cycle/lesson/Gymnosperm-Li
fe-Cycle/
http://
www.edu.pe.ca/kish/grassroots/biology/bio521/website/files/vascular%20li
fe%20cycles.pdf
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Angiosperm.html

*I just copied the links, since it would be a little move convenient to just
click on the link*