DATA

COMMUNICATION
AND COMPUTER
NETWORKS

MODULE - IV

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 1

 DATA COMMUNICATION

Communication System :
A collection of hardware and software that
facilitates intersystem exchange of information
between different devices

Data Communication :
It is the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of wired or wireless transmission
medium.
It includes the transfer of data, the method of
transfer and the preservation of the data
during the transfer
5/25/17 process
Dipu.B, . School of Management
Lecturer, SJCET 2
 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
DATA COMMUNICATION

Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 3

 DATA COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 4

 DATA TRANSMISSION MODE

Simplex

Half-Duplex

Full-Duplex

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 5

DATA COMMUNICATION
MEASUREMENT
Bandwidth :
Maximum volume of information that can be
transferred over any communication medium
Bandwidth measured in cps or bps
1000 bps= 1 Kbps

Level of bandwidth :
Narrow Band : Single channel <=64 Kbps,not
more than 1.544 Mbps
Wide Band : Bandwidth lies between 1.544 Mbps
and 45 Mbps
Broad Band : Capacity is 45 Kbps
5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 6
 DATA TRANSMISSION MEDIA

GUIDED MEDIA
UNGUIDED MEDIA

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 7

 OPEN WIRE
Electrical wire system or power transmission wires
No shielding
No protection for noise interference

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 8

 TWISTED PAIR CABLE
Pairs of wires twisted together which are surrounded by
an insulating material and an outer layer called jacket
Pair consists of a wire, used for receiving data signal,
and a wire for transmitting data signal
Twisted to reduce noise
Used for short distance communication less than 100
meters

Two Forms :
UTP
STP

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 9

 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cable :
Telecommunication media
Transmission speed up to 9600 bps

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Cable :

Metal foil or braided-mesh covering
Foil to prevent infiltration of electromagnetic noise

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 10

 CO-AXIAL CABLE
Single central conductor
Surrounded by insulator
a sleeve of metal mesh
Shield of thick material (PVC)
Transmit data at a rate of 10 Mbps

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 11

 OPTICAL FIBER

Thin glass fibers

Narrow strand of glass called the core(62.5 microns)
Concentric layer of glass called cladding(125
microns)
Outer plastic jacket

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 12

 WORKING PRINCIPLE :

Refraction
Angle of incidence(i)
Angle of refraction(r)
Denser medium :
i>r
Less dense medium :
i<r
Core refracts
Cladding reflects

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 13

 ADVANTAGES :
Immune to noise
Greater distance transmission
Secure
Smaller and lighter than copper wire and hence free
from corrosion
Greater bandwidth
Immunity to electromagnetic interference.
(Electromagnetic noise cannot affect fiber-optic cables)

DISADVANTAGES :
Expensive
More fragile
Repairing is difficult
5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 14
UNGUIDED MEDIA - RADIO TRANSMISSION

Signal is carried over by carrier waves which have

frequencies in the range of radio frequency
spectrum

Three types of RF
Ground wave propagation
Ionospheric Propagation
Line of sight propagation

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 15

Ground Wave Propagation

In ground propagation, radio waves travel through

the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging the
earth.

These low-frequency signals emanate in all

directions from the transmitting antenna and follow
the curvature of the planet.

Distance depends on the amount of power in the

signal:
The greater the power, the greater the
distance.
5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 16
Ionospheric Propagation

In sky propagation, higher-frequency radio

waves radiate up ward into the ionosphere
(the layer of atmosphere where particles
exist as ions) where they are reflected back
to earth.

This type of transmission allows for greater

distances with lower out put power

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 17

 Ground Wave Propagation
Carrier frequency upto 2MHz

Ionospheric Propagation
Frequency range of 30-85MHz

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 18

line-of-sight propagation
In line-of-sight propagation,
very high-frequency signals are
transmitted in straight lines
directly from antenna to
antenna

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 19

 Line of Sight Propagation

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 20

 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
Line of sight transmission

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 21

 SATELLITE TRANSMISSION

Satellites are set in geostationary orbits directly over

the equator, which rotates in synchronization to earth
and hence look stationary from any point on earth.
Placed at 36,000km above the earths surface

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 22

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 23
 Communication by uplink and downlink
Area shadowed by the satellite in which the information
or data can be transmitted and received is called the
footprint

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 24

 Analog and Digital Data
Data can be analog or digital.

Analog data are continuous and take

continuous values.

Digital data have discrete states and take

discrete values.

3.25
 Analog and Digital Signals

Signals can be analog or digital.

Analog signals can have an infinite number

of values in a range.

Digital signals can have only a limited

number of values.

3.26
 Areas of analog
Application
Old telephone networks
Most television broadcasting at
present
Radio broadcasting
 Areas of Digital
Application
Computers
New telephone networks
Phased introduction of digital
television technology
ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION

ANALOG SIGNALS :
Continuous waveform that changes smoothly
over time
Sine wave is the most fundamental form of analog
signal
Sine wave has three characteristics namely
amplitude, frequency, and wavelength.

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 29

 AMPLITUDE :
Value of the signal at any point on the wave
Unit of amplitude differs with the type of signal

FREQUENCY :
Number of cycles a signal completes in one
second
Measured in hertz(Hz)

WAVELENGTH :
Distance between successive similar points of a
given time.

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 30

 Parts of an Analog Signal

Period
(T)

Frequency:
Amplitude
(peak) 1
F Hz
Amplitude
(peak-to-peak)
T

31
The amplitude of a wave is measured as:
1.The height from the equilibrium point to the highest point of
a crest or
2.The depth from the equilibrium point to the lowest point of
a trough

32
WAVELENGTH

33
 Frequency
Frequency is the rate of change with respect
to time.
Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
Change over a long span of
time means low frequency.

3.34
FREQUENCY

35
PERIODICANALOGSIGNALS
In data communications, we commonly use periodic
analog signals and nonperiodic digital signals.

Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or

composite.

A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be

decomposed into simpler signals.

A composite periodic analog signal is composed of

multiple sine waves.
Figure A sine wave
Figure Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes
Note

Frequency and period are the inverse of

each other.
Figure Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies
 Table Units of period and frequency

3.42
 Example

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz.

The period of this sine wave can be determined as
follows:

3.43
 Note

Phase describes the position of the

waveform relative to time 0.

3.44
 Figure Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases

3.45
 Figure The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave

3.46
 Figure The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves

3.47
 Signals and Communication
A single-frequency sine wave is not useful
in data communications
We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
According to Fourier analysis, any
composite signal is a combination of
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

3.48
 DIGITAL SIGNALS :
Signals transmitted as 0s and 1s

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 49

 AMPLIFIER :
Device or circuit that changes (usually increases)
the amplitude of an analog signal

REPEATER :
Electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher level , so that the signal
can cover longer distances.

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 50

 MULTIPLEXING

Combining of multiple signals into a form that can be

transmitted over a single link
Communication device that multiplexes several signals
over the common medium is called a multiplexer(MUX)

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 51

Frequency-division multiplexing

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 52

 One of the most common applications for FDM is
traditional radio and television broadcasting
from terrestrial, mobile or satellite stations, or
cable television.
Only one cable reaches a customer's residential
area, but the service provider can send multiple
television channels or signals simultaneously
over that cable to all subscribers without
interference.
Receivers must tune to the appropriate
frequency (channel) to access the desired signal

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 53

Time-division multiplexing

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 54

 DEMULTIPLEXING

Technique of separating the merged signals and sending

them to the corresponding receivers

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 55

 ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION :
Sender and receiver do not coordinate before the
transmission of data
The receiver must be prepared to accept data at
any time
Data(bytes) separated by a start bit(0) and a stop
bit(1)
Send by bytes 10 bits
Gap exists

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 56

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 57
 SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION :
Sender and receiver must coordinate before the
transmission of data
Receivers clock is synchronized by the transmitters
clock
Unbroken string of 0s and 1s clock to split string
to bytes
Timing is very important
Speedy transmission

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 58

5/25/17 Dipu.B, Lecturer, SJCET School of Management 59