Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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But first a big picture view
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Parameter of interest: 1
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Hypothesis Testing and the Standard
Error of 1 (Section 5.1)
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Formula for SE(1)
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Summary: To test H0: 1 = 1,0 v. H1:
1 1,0,
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Example: Test Scores and STR,
California data
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Confidence Intervals for 1
(Section 5.2)
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A concise (and conventional) way to
report regressions:
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Reading SAS output
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Summary of Statistical Inference
about 0 and 1:
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Regression when X is a Dummy
Variable (Section 5.3)
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Interpreting regressions with a
dummy regressor
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Summary: regression when Xi is a
dummy variable
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Heteroskedasticity and Homoskedasticity-
Only Standard Errors (Section 5.4)
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Homoskedasticity in a picture:
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Heteroskedasticity in a picture:
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Income Data Homoskedastic?
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Class size data Homoskedastic?
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So far we have (without saying so) allowed u
to potentially be heteroskedastic.
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What if the errors are in fact homoskedastic?
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We now have two formulas for
standard errors for 1
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Practical implications
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The Extended Least Squares
Assumptions (Section 5.5)
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Efficiency of OLS, part I: The
Gauss-Markov Theorem
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The Gauss-Markov Theorem, ctd.
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Efficiency of OLS, part II:
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Outliers and OLS
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