WCDMA Handover Principal and

Analysis
ISSUE 1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

 Why mobile systems need
handover?
Itis decided by the characters of
mobile system:
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed by
cells which the coverage ability is
limited.
Providing the continuous service in
mobile system is the basic element in
QoS.

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 Object

Upon completion this course, you will

be able to:
The basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover
decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover

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 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

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The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic

element in QoS.

The load balance: sharing the resource

The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of using

resource

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The Basic Concepts of Handover

Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Event reporting to Periodic reporting
Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
maximum ratio combination
selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
Blind handover

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 The Categories of Handover
According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)
According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)

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The Characters of Different Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:

Item Soft Handover Hard Handover

The numbers of RL Several One
in active set after
handover
Interruption during No Yes
handover
The frequencies of Only happened Can be happened in
cells in Intra- Intra-frequency cells or
frequency cells Inter-frequency cells

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The Characters of Different Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are
combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but
during soft handover they are combined in RNC by
selection combination.
Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination
can get more gain. So the performance of maximum
ration combination is better.

Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not

consume transport resource of Iub.

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Soft Handover

RNC

NodeB 1 NodeB 2

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 Softer Handover

RNC (WFMR)

NodeB

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 Hard Handover

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Three Steps of Handover

Measurement
Measurement control
Measurement execution and
the result processing
The measurement report
Measurement Decision Mainly accomplished by UE
Decision
Based on Measurement
The application and
distribution of resource
Mainly accomplished by
RRM in RNC
Execute Execution
The process of signaling
Support the failure drawback
Measurement control refresh

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 Questions

The differences among Soft handover,

softer handover and hard handover
Typical application scenarios

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 Summary

This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and the

categories of handover in WCDMA.

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 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

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 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE internal measurement

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 Measurement Control and Measurement
Report
Measurement Control

UE UTRAN

MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Measurement Control, normal case

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 Measurement Control and Measurement
Report

Measurement report

UE UTRAN

MEASUREMENT REPORT

Measurement report, normal case

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 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic concepts of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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The Basic Concepts of Measurement

The measurement values of Handover

Intra-frequency and inter-frequency: CPICH RSCP CPICH
Ec/N0 Path loss
Inter-frequency CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/N0
Inter-system GSM Carrier RSSI BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
The reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events 1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events 3A,3C
Others 6G,6F

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Measurement Model

parameters parameters

Layer 1 Layer 3
A filtering B filtering C Evaluation D
of reporting
C' criteria

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 Reporting Criterion

Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :

1.Path Loss
NA

10 LogM New W 10 Log M i
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
i 1

2.Other measurement
NA

10 LogM New W 10 Log M i
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
i 1

Relative threshold, Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to

trigger

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 Key Parameters

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 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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Intra-frequency Measurement Events

All intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with

1X :
1A A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When
the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
1B A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than
the primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D The best cell changes;
1E The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds
the absolute threshold
1F, The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower
than the absolute threshold

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 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X

2A: The best frequency changes;
2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a
certain threshold
2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower
than a certain threshold
2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold

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Inter-system Measurement Events

Inter-system measurement events are identified with

3X
3A:The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency
is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system
is higher than a certain threshold;
3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower
than a certain threshold ;
3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold ;
3D: The best cell in the other system changes

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 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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 UE Internal Measurement

UE Internal measurement events are identified with 6X

6G: The time difference between downlink receiving and
uplink transmission of the UE is shorter than an absolute
threshold;
6F: The time difference between downlink receiving and
uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than an absolute
threshold;

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 Questions

How many events are there in intra-frequency measurement?

What are they?
How many events are there in UE internal measurement?
How many events are there in inter-frequency measurement?
What are they?

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 Summary
This chapter covers intra-frequency measurement, inter-
frequency measurement, inter-system measurement and UE
internal measurement from their definitions and application
scenarios.

Summary

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 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

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 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handov
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handov
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

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 Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells----
active set.
The handover among different cells which are in same RLS can
be softer handover.
Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink

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 Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
Advantages
Soft handover gain:
Multi-Cell gain: Multiple irrelated soft handover branches low the required
margin for fading
Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link demodulation of the soft
handover:
Load balance: Different cells receive the signals from UE in uplink, which can
decrease the transmission power of UE. And UE receive signal from different
cells, which also can decrease the transmission power of base station.
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE
service.
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative.
When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will bring
side-effect.

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Measurement of Soft Handover
The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
Measurement value CPICH RSCP CPICH
Ec/No Pathloss
Process of Measurement Layer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter
Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type 1A 1B 1C 1D 1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold,
Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting

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The Events of Soft Handover Measurement
Soft/softer handover measurement events
Intra-frequency events reporting:
1A A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.
When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A
event;
1B A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better
than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D The best cell changes;
1E The measurement value of a primary pilot channel
exceeds the absolute threshold
1F, The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is
lower than the absolute threshold

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The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover

Soft/softer handover decision

1A add RL into active set
1B Delete RL from active set
1C replace cell
1D change best cell

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The Execution of Soft Handover

Soft handover execution

The update principal of measurement control
Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters
according to best cell
RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement reporting
The compensation and restriction of soft handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
Parameters the time value for periodic
reporting, the number for reporting times

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Soft Handover Flow (add RL)

The execution of soft handover (add RL)

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Soft Handover Flow (del RL)

The execution of soft handover (del RL)

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 Key Parameters

Relative threshold
Set 1A, 1B value separately
1A < 1B which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can
avoid ping-pong handover
Usually 1A: 3dB; 1B: 6dB
Time to trigger
Each event can be set separately
Usually, 1B>1A which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and
it can avoid ping-pong handover
Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement
Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong handover
Usually 3
absolute threshold of soft handover

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 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handov
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handov
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

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The Characters of Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target
cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Advantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware
resource
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency
interference
Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam
(only happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such
as code resource condition, the QoS condition and so no.

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The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement
Similar to soft handover
Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information
Synchronization hard handover
Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF

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Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Intra-frequency hard handover flow

Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP establish

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST

8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP release

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 Key Parameters

Handover decision threshold based on BE speed

UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE service is less
than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the speed of
BE service is greater than the threshold.
The parameters about 1D event:
time to trigger hysteresis
The parameters should be set accord with the Qos

Internal Use 49
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handov
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handov
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

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The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
Characters
The working frequency is different after handover
The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used for hard
handover
Advantages
Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the success
possibility is higher
The load balance among cells with different frequencies
Can realize the reasonable configuration for hierarchy cells
Disadvantages
Compressed mode results in extra radio resource occupied
The timing re-initiation hard handover increase the time of
handover and the risk of call drop
Application scenarios
Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Hierarchy cells
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The Inter-frequency Hard Handover Measurement
Values and Events
The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values
Measurement values:
CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/N0
Different handover purpose for different measurement type:
In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

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The Measurement Values and Events of Inter-
frequency Hard Handover
Measurement reporting
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
2A: The best frequency changes;
2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-used
frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold;
2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower
than a certain threshold
2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold
2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold

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Compressed Mode Initiation in Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event can be used to enable the compressed
mode to perform inter-frequency measurement.
Enable inter-frequency measurement by moving speed
estimation algorithm
Conditions for Measurement stopping
2F event
After the best cell is changed, the cell does not contain
inter-frequency neighbor cells.
Inter-frequency measurement timer expired
Because the moving speed of UE is changed, the inter-
frequency handover measurement is stopped by cell
hierarchy algorithm.

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Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE
Moving Speed

When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed

estimation algorithm is initiated
Handover events in a while decides whether the speed of UE
satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition
UE is remained in the current cell if the speed is medium.
If the speed is very high, it will be handed over to higher
hierarchy cell. And if not, hand it over to lower hierarchy cell.
UEs moving speed decided the result.
If the hierarchy is configured by different frequencies, the
inter-frequency blind handover or inter-frequency
measurement handover can be initiated.
If the hierarchy is configured by one frequency, the intra-
frequency handover can be initiated.

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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Decision
Algorithm

The inter-frequency hard handover decision

The coverage triggers the handover
2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than absolute
threshold, but the quality in another non-used frequency
is higher than another absolute threshold.
The load triggers handover
2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an
absolute threshold

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The Execution of Inter-frequency Hard Handover
The execution of Inter-frequency hard handover
UE report the timing information
UE with two receivers does not need compressed mode.
Synchronization hard handover
Using the original DOFF
Continued CFN
UE does not report timing information
UE with a single receiver has to initiate compressed mode
If the NodeB of target cell is not the same one which the cells
in active set belong to
the timing re-initiation hard handover
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate the CFN according to DOFF
If the NodeB of target cell is the same one which the cells in
active set belong to
Calculate the target cell timing relationship
Synchronization hard handover
Using the original DOFF
Continued CFN
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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Signaling flow
Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP established

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST

8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP released

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 Key Parameters (I)
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or
event reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH
RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay
trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS
domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are
configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality
threshold of target cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard
handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover

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 Key Parameters (II)

Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by non-

coverage ability
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger
time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency handover based on non-coverage ability

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 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handov
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handov
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

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The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover
Application scenarios
WCDMA FDD < >GSM
WCDMA FDD < >WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD < >CDMA2000
Characters
Different radio access technology is used after handover
Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the
measurement
Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to
another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old
equipments(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher
compatibility for equipments
Demands more complicated UE

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The Measurement for Inter-system
Compressed Mode Initiated
The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter
Measurement reporting
Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement

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The Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm
The inter-system hard handover decision
Inter-system handover caused by coverage
Event reporting:
3A event The estimated quality value of the used
UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and
that of the other system is higher than a certain
threshold .
Periodic reporting:
Evaluation According to the periodic reported GSM
RSSI measurement value and the BSIC confirming state
of target cell of GSM system, and meanwhile the UE
evaluates the GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the
absolute threshold, then consider the cell confirmed by
BSIC.

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The Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm
The inter-system hard handover decision
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other system
is higher than a absolute threshold.

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Inter-system Handover Flow
The execution of inter-system handover
UE Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC

1. Relocation
Required 2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request

4. Handover
Request Ack
5. Prepare
6. Relocation Handover
Command Response
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect

9. Handover Complete

10. Handover
Complete
12. Iu Release 11. Send
Command End
Signal
Request
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response

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 Key Parameters (I)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:
Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH
RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F
parameters are configured
Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
BSIC confirmed (Optional)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS
domain separately
Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event

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 Key parameters (II)
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage parameters
The period of inter-system measurement report
The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the
CS, PS, signaling separately
Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with acknowledged and
unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and
hysteresis
Penalty time

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 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handov
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handov
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

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 The Brief Introduction HSDPA Handover
Application Scope
Related to the handover between the HS-DSCH channel
of HSDPA
The service cell update of HSDPA
HSDPA< >DCH
Purpose
the service which data rate satisfied the threshold of
HSDPA should use the HSDPA resource. To realize the
maximum traffic volume, the service cell with HS-DSCH
should be the best cell in the active set.

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 HSDPA Measurement

HSDPA handover measurement

Measurement type: CPICH RSCP CPICH
Ec/N0 Path loss
The process of measurement: layer 1 filter coefficient and
layer 3 filter coefficient
Measurement reporting
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Reporting type: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D
The event reporting converted to periodic
reporting

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 Service Cell Change Algorithm

Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH in active set

According to 1D event to decide the best cell, and hand it over
to the cell.
After handover, initiate the timer to forbid the ping-pong
handover
Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH after hard handover
Establish the HSDPA channel in target cell with hard handover
Establish DCH channel if the target cell can not support HSDPA
Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH during soft handover
The service should be handed over to the cell which support
HSDPA when the best cell does not support HSDPA and the
original service cell for HSDPA already deleted from active set.

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Direct Retry for HSDPA

Direct retry from R99 cell to R5 cell

Conditions
UE in cell 1 requests to establish an BE/streaming RAB, or
UE of Cell-FACH state has much BE/streaming data
volume to transfer (Switch channel type from FACH to HS-
DSCH)
Existing cells: support HSDPA, with same coverage area
Advantage: To make full use of HSDPA resource

Carrier A CELL2 R99 CELL 1 R99 Direct retry

HSDPA
resource
Carrier B CELL A R5

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 Service Cell Update Flow

Internal Use 74
 Key Parameters

HSDPA handover protecting timer

Configure the T-HSDPA to avoid the influence for the data
service caused by the ping-pong handover. During this period,
the service cell for HSDPA can not be changed.
The value scope ( 0 1024) seconds

Internal Use 75
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handov
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handov
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

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The Purpose of Compressed mode

Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under
FDD mode
Cause:
Downlink compressed:

Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the

UE has to stop working if it is going to measure the signal
from another frequency cell. To ensure the downlink
service unaffected, the remained data should be sent in
the limited time.
Uplink compressed

UE should stop the uplink transmission when the uplink

working frequency is very close to the measured
frequency, for example GSM 1800/1900 is very close to
the UMTS FDD uplink working frequency.

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Compressed Mode Sketch Map

Compressed mode sketch map

One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements

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The realization Methods of Compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Should use the replace scrambling code
Advantage: easy to handle for RNC
Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease the
utilizing efficiency of OVSF, influenced the coverage and
increased interference caused by the replace scrambling code.
rate matching/puncturing
Decrease the coding redundancy
Advantage: easy to handle for RNC; the SF 4 can be used; no
influence to utilizing efficiency of OVSF
Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding;
decreased the coding gain
higher layer scheduling
MAC can restrict TFCS to change the downlink data rate.
Advantage: the interference is lower
Disadvantage: complicated for higher layer, only fit for non-
timing data service.

Internal Use 79
 Questions

What are the differences between soft handover and softer

handover?
What is compressed mode?
Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.

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 Summary

This chapter focus on the basic handovers in WCDMA: soft handover,

softer handover, intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard
handover and inter-system hard handover. It also introduced the
application scenarios for these different handovers

Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in this chapter

Internal Use 81
 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

Internal Use 82
Application scenarios and Trigger Conditions
RRC direct retry
During the initial signaling establishment, the RRC connection is
refused.
RRC redirection
The initial signaling is already established, but the requested cell
refused and RRC direct retry is failed.
RAB direct retry
The signaling is established successfully, but the service
establishment is failed.
Blind handover
Load balanced between inter-frequency cells
RRC direct retry
RAB direct retry

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 RRC Direct Retry (I)

Application scenarios (I)

Same sector covered by different frequencies

cell1 The UE initial camping

cell
1 2
cell2

3
Signaling process:
1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
2 RRC CONNECTION SETUP
3 RRC CONNETION SETUP
COMPLETE

Internal Use 84
 RRC Direct Retry (II)

Application scenarios (II)

The soft handover area

Soft handover
UE camping area
cell1 first
cell1 cell2

2
1 3
Signaling Process:
1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
2 RRC CONNECTION SETUP
3 RRC CONNETION SETUP
COMPLETE

Internal Use 85
RRC Retry Key Parameters

DRMaxNumber
The maximum allowed retry times for the direct retry module
after the initial failure
CsThreshold.
When the signal quality of a cell is higher than this threshold,
this cell will be included in the direct retry candidate set.
MinSignalRequired
The basic access threshold described in Section 2.2.8,
namely the minimum requirement of the UE form the receiving
CPICH Ec/No density during normal demodulation.
MaxRelatingTime
The maximum time that the RACH measurement report can
continue to be used for the direct retry candidate set.

Internal Use 86
 RRC Redirection
Application scenarios
The signaling connection is failed, and RRC retry is also failed.

GSM cell

Inter-freq cell 1
Signaling process:
1 1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
cell1 2 RRC CONNECTION REJECT
2 1 UE initial the access process
UE camping cell1 1 after cell re-selection
first 1 UE initial the access process
in GSM cell after inter-system
cell reselection

Internal Use 87
 RRC Direct Retry and Direction

The trigger condition should be the signaling permitting failure

if congestion happed, the RRC connection signaling is refused.
Advantages and disadvantages:
RRC direct retry can ensure the time delay.
RRC direction is more flexible, and can select to GSM cell. But
the time delay is longer.

Internal Use 88
 RAB Direct Retry

Application scenarios

GSM CELL

UTRAN CELL
1 3
2

Signaling process
CN
1 RAB Assignment (from CN)
2 SRNS relocation (to CN)
3 Handover from UTRAN ( Inform UE
access to GSM system)
4 Handover Complete (GSM message)

Internal Use 89
 Questions

What is the difference of RRC direct retry and RRC

redirection?
What are the trigger conditions for RRC direct retry and RRC
direction?

Internal Use 90
 Summary

This chapter focus on RRC direct retry, RRC redirection, the

application scenarios of RAB direct retry and blind handover.

Internal Use 91
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