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= small displacement
L = original length
P(x) = internal axial force
A(x) = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
E P
E AE
From the definition of strain:
L
Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
PL
i i
AE i Ai Ei
Sign Convention
Force and displacement is positive when tension and
elongation and negative will be compression and
contraction.
Example 1
The composite steel bar (Est = 210
GPa) shown in the figure is made
from two segments, AB and BD,
having cross-sectional areas of AAB =
600 mm2 and ABD = 1200 mm2.
Determine the vertical displacement
of end A and the displacement of B
relative to C.
Example 2
The assembly shown in the figure consists of an aluminium tube AB
having a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter
of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar and passes through the tube. If a
tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod, determine the displacement of
the end C of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
Example 3
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is
made of aluminum (Eal = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of
500 mm2. Link CD is made of steel (Est = 200 GPa) and has a cross-
sectional area of 600 mm2.
For the 30 kN force shown, determine the deflection
a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
Principle of Superposition
Principle of superposition is to simplify stress and
displacement problems by subdividing the loading
into components and adding the results.
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Member
A member is statically indeterminate when equations
of equilibrium are not sufficient to determine the
reactions on a member.
***Statically Determinate:
Bar is fixed-supported at only one end and is subjected to an axial force.
Force equilibrium equation is sufficient to find the reaction at fixed
supported.
= +
No displacement at B
Eq. of compatibility:
Choose any one of the two supports as redundant and temporarily
remove its effect on the bar.
Redundant indicates that the support is not need to hold the bar in stable
equilibrium, so that when it removes, the bar becomes statically
determinate
If the load P causes B to be displaced
downward by an amount P , the reaction
FB must displace the end B of the bar
upward by an amount B
0 = P - B
Load-displacement relationship,
A = C = 189 MPa
B = 21.4 MPa
Thermal
Stresses
T P 0 T P 0
P AE T
PL
Chapter 4: Axial Load
T L 0 P
E T
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
AE A
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 7
A steel bar shown (a) is constrained to
just fit between two fixed supports when
T1 = 30oC. If the temperature is raised to
T 2= 60oC, determine the average normal
stress developed in the bar. Est = 200
MPa and = 12 (10-6)/oC
Example 8
Three bars each made of different materials are connected together
and placed between two walls when the temperature is T1 = 12oC.
Determine the force exerted on the supports when the temperature
becomes T2 =18oC. The material properties and cross sectional area
of each bar are given in the figure.
F = 4202 N
Example 9
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-36 steel
and 2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a length of 250 mm
when no load is applied to the bar, and the temperature is T 1 = 20C.
Determine the force supported by each post if the bar is subjected to a
uniform distributed load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is raised to
T2 = 80C.
max
K
avg
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Stress Concentrations
K = max / avg
avg = P/A, where A is the smallest
cross-sectional area. max = K(P/A)
Example 10
Example 11
Example 12
Determine the largest axial load P that can be safely supported by
a flat steel bar consisting of two portions, both 10 mm thick, and
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, connected by fillets of radius r =
8 mm. Assume an allowable normal stress of 165 MPa.