Russell C.

Hibbeler

Chapter 6: Bending
Shear Force And Bending Moment

Beams and shafts are very important structural and

mechanical elements in engineering.
Objectives:
Determine the stress in these members caused by
bending.
To establish the shear and moment diagram (SMD)
SMD provide a useful means for determining the
largest shear and moment in a member, and they
specify where these maximum occur.
 Shear and Moment Diagrams
Members with support loadings applied perpendicular
to their longitudinal axis are called beams.
Beams classified according to the way they are
supported.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Types of Loadings

Point Load Couple

Uniformly Distributed Load Linearly Varying Distributed Load

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Shear and Moment Diagrams
Shear and moment functions can be plotted in graphs called shear
and moment diagrams.
Positive directions indicate the distributed load acting downward on
the beam and clockwise rotation of the beam segment on which it
acts.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Determine the value of shear force and bending moment
at a cross section 0.5 m to the right of point A and B.
 Example 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Example 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Example 4
Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam shown below.
 Example 5
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Graphical Method
Why graphical Method?

Simpler method for constructing the Shear and

Bending Moment Diagrams
In cases where a beam is subjected to several
different loadings, determining V and M as functions
of x and then plotting these equation become quite
tedious
A. Regions of distributed load

Relationship between load and shear:

dV Slope of shear diagram = - distributed load intensity

w at each point at each point

dx

Relationship between shear and bending moment:

dM Slope of moment diagram = shear at each point

V at each point
dx
 Distributed loading:
+ve and increases from zero
to wB
Shear Diagram:
Curve that has a ve slope,
increasing from zero to -wB

dV
w
dx
Slope of the Moment Diagram
is equal to the shear.
Shear Diagram: Shear start
at +VA, decreases to zero and
then becomes ve and
dM decreases to VB
V
dx Moment Diagram: Have an
initial slope of +VA which
decreases to zero, then the
slope becomes ve and
decreases to -VB
Can be rewritten,
dV = -w(x)dx and dV
w
dM = V dx, where dx

w(x)dx and V dx
represent differential areas
under distributed loading
and shear diagram
dM
respectively V
dx
For area under C and D:

V = - w(x)dx
Change in shear = - area M = - V(x)dx,
under distributed loading Change in moment =area under shear diagram
B. Regions of concentrated force and moment
FBD of a small segment under
concentrated force,
+ Fy = 0, V F - (V + V) = 0
V = - F
(Note: If F act downwards, V is ve, shear
will jump downward)

Moment:
+ Mo = 0, M + M Mo Vx M = 0
For x 0, M = Mo
(Note: If Mo is applied CW, M is +ve, so
the moment diagram will jump upward.
Likewise, when Mo acts CCW, the jump M
will be downward)
Some common loading, shear and moment diagram
N
o
t

t
o

b
e

m
e
m
o
r
i
z
e
d
Example 6
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown
Example 7
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown
Example 8
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown
 Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
Cross section of a straight beam remains plane
when the beam deforms due to bending.
There will be tensile stress on one side and
compressive stress on the other side.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
Longitudinal strain varies linearly from zero at the
neutral axis.
Hookes law applies when material is homogeneous.
Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the
cross-sectional area for linear-elastic material.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 The Flexure Formula
Resultant moment on the cross section is equal to
the moment produced by the linear normal stress
distribution about the neutral axis.
My

I
= normal stress in the member
M = resultant internal moment
I = moment of inertia
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis

By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

since it acts in the negative x direction.

Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 BENDING STRESS
Discuss the deformation that occur when a straight
prismatic beam is subjected to bending.

The bahaviour of any

deformable bar
subjected to a bending
moment:
Top: Compress
Bottom: Stretch
BENDING STRESS

Neutral surface: will not

undergo a change in length
!!!
 SIMPLE BENDING THEORY
Normal s 's
strain, AB
s
This element : taken from the
beam s 'x

x
Line segment s, will
R y R
contract and becomes R
s R y R

R
y

R
AB E AB
Ey

R

For any specific cross

section, the longitudinal
normal strain will vary
linearly with y from the NA
 The variation of strain over the
cross section

In general,

Ey E
or
R y R
Where:
bending stress or stress normal to the beam cross section (N/m 2 )
y distance from neutral surface (m)
E modulus of elasticity (N/m 2 )
R radius of curvature (m)
 THE FLEXURE FORMULA

Develop an equation
that relates the
longitudinal stress
distribution in a beam to
the internal resultant
bending moment acting
on the beams cross
section.
material behaves in a
linear-elastic (Hookes
law applies!!)

Bending stress
variation
 M dA y
Ey
R dA y

E
dA
2
y
R
EI

R
M E

I R
Combine with previous derivation,

M E

I R y

where: My
bending stress (N/m 2 )
M bending moment (N m) I
y distance from neutral surface (m)
I second moment of area (m 4 )
The Position of Neutral Axis

Fx 0; dA 0
Ey
R dA 0
E
R
y dA 0

E
0
R
y dA 0

For the first moment of area

equal to zero, the neutral axis
must runs through the centroid
of the cross section.
 Second Moment of Area for Rectangular Section

d
b 2

dA
dA
y Iz y 2
A +d/2 B
d
2

dy d
2
b dy
2
y
y
d
d z 2
0
1 3 d 2
b y d
3 2

b d3 d3
C -d/2 D
3 8 8

bd 3
o Iz
r 12
Second Moment of Area for Circular Section

I z y 2 dA
2
0o r sin r d dr
r 2

2
0o r 2 sin 2 r d dr
r

2
sin 2 d 0o r 3 dr
r

0
ro
sin 2
2 r4

2 4 0 4
0

ro4

4

d 4
or Iz
64
Parallel Axis Theorem

I x y 2 dA
y ' h dA
2

y ' 2 dA 2h y ' dA h 2 dA
I x ' Ah 2
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the second moment of area about its
neutral axis for the section shown below.
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the maximum bending stress in tension
and compression for the beam loaded as shown in
Figure (a) and its cross section as shown in Figure
(b).

Figure (a)

100 mm

Figure (b) 200 mm

D
Example
The simply supported beam in Fig. (a) has the cross
sectional area shown in Fig. (b). Determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam.
Example
Two considerations have been proposed for the
design of a beam. Determine which one will support
a moment of M = 150 kN.m with the least amount of
bending stress. What is the stress? By what
percentage is it more effective?
Example
Determine the moment M that will produce a
maximum stress of 100 MPa on the cross section.
Example
The control lever is used on a riding lawn mover.
Determine the maximum bending stress in the lever at
section a-a if a force of 100 N is applied to the handle.
The lever is supported by a pin at A and a wire at B.
Section a-a is square, 6 mm by 6 mm.
Example
If the shaft has a diameter of 50 mm, determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the shaft.
Example
If the beam has a cross section as shown, determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam.
Example
Determine the magnitude of the maximum load P
that can be applied to the beam if the beam is made
of a material having an allowable bending stress,
(allow)c = 112 MPa in compression and (allow)t = 125
MPa in tension.
Example
The tubular shaft is to have a cross section such that
its inner diameter and outer diameter are related by di
= 0.8do. Determine these required dimension if the
allowable bending stress is allow = 155 MPa.
 Composite Beams
Made from different materials in order to efficiently carry a load.
Application of the bending formula ( = My/I) requires the
material to be homogeneous, so that the cross section of the
beam must be transformed into a single material.
 Transformation Factor (TF)
Ratio of the moduli of the different materials that make up the beam.

n = E2/E1
n = E1/E2 E1 > E2

b2 = nb b1 = nb
 Used as multiplier (converts the dimensions of
the cross section of the composite beam into a
beam made from a single material)
Once the stress in the transformed section is
determined, it must be multiplied by the TF to
obtain the stress in the actual beam.

= n
Example
1
A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a steel
strap located on its bottom side. It has a cross sectional area
shown. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M = 2
kN.m, determine the normal stress at point B and C. Take Ew = 12
GPa and Est = 200 GPa.
Example 2
The composite beam is made of aluminium (A) and red brass
(B). Determine the dimension h of the brass strip so that the NA
of the beam is located at the seam of the two metals. What
maximum moment will this beam support if the allowable bending
stress for the aluminium is (allow)al = 128 MPa and for the brass
(allow)br = 35 MPa? Ebr = 101 GPa, Eal = 68.96 GPa.
Example 3
A white spruce beam is reinforced with A-36 steel straps at
its top and bottom as shown. Determine the bending moment
M it can support if (allow)st = 154 MPa and (allow)w = 14 MPa.
Est = 203 GPa, Ew = 9.8 GPa.
 Stress Concentration
Stress concentrations in members subjected to bending
occur at point of cross-sectional change (eg. Holes and
notches), because here the stress and strain become
nonlinear.

Note:
The maximum normal
stress at each these
discontinuities occurs at
the section taken through
the smallest cros-sectional
area.
As in the previous cases, the maximum normal stress due to
bending is determined using a stress-concentration factor K.

max = K Mc
I
Example 1
The bar is subjected to a moment of M = 17.5 N.m. If r = 5 mm,
determine the maximum bending stress in the material.
Example 2
The symmetric notched plate is subjected to bending. If the
radius of each notch is r = 10 mm and the applied moment is
M = 2 kN.m, determine the maximum bending stress in the
plate.