Chemical Bonding

Why bond anyway?

Increase Stability
Decrease Potential Energy stored
energy is difficult to maintain (batteries
expire, food spoils).
What is a bond?
an attractive force between atoms or
ions that binds them together as a unit.

1
 Chemical Bonding
Determining Bond Type
There are two main bond types ionic
and covalent.
Ionic bonds can be identified because...
The first element is a metal (cation)
The second element is a nonmetal (anion)
The formula may include a polyatomic
ion look for formulae that start with a
metal and have 3 or more elements.
Covalent bonds can be identified
because...
2
The first element is a nonmetal
 Ionic Formulae
Formula Structure
Elements present
Subscripts* (shows how much of each
element)

NaNO3 This is sodium nitra

*
If no subscript is present it
means that there is only one
This atom of that element
is a formula unit of an ionic comp
3
Common Polyatomic Ions
1- charge 2- charge 3- charge
Formula Name Formu Name Formu Name
la la
H2PO4- Dihydrogen HPO42- Hydrogen PO33- Phosphit
phosphate phosphate e
C2H3O2- Acetate C2O42- Oxalate PO43- Phospha
te
HSO3- Hydrogen sulfite SO32- Sulfite BO33- Borate
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate SO42- Sulfate
HCO3- Hydrogen CO32- Carbonate
carbonate
NO2- Nitrite CrO42- Chromate
NO3- Nitrate Cr2O72- Dichromate
CN- Cyanide SiO32- Silicate
OH- Hydroxide 1+ charge
MnO4- Permanganate Formu Name4
la
 Ionic Nomenclature
Naming Rules
Write the names of both ions, cation
first.
Change the ending of monatomic anions
to -ide.
Polyatomic ions have special names that are
not to be altered.
Stock System: Use Roman numerals to
show the charge of a cation if more
iron (II)than
(II)nitrate
nitrate
one is possible.
NO
The
- overall
- charge must
3 NO3 2- charge; Fe
x+ equal
must zero.
therefore have a 2+ 5charg
 Ionic Nomenclature
Practice
Puzzle pieces Cations & Anions
Take the 14 cations and 13 anions
provided.
Come up with as many chemical
combinations as you can (there are 182
possibilities).
Write the chemical formula and name of
each.
Al(NO
AlNO
Al
3+ 2+ 1+
)
Follow the naming rules and ONLY 32use one
2 2
aluminum
cation and one anion type Aluminum
at a time. nitrite
6
Example:
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+FeFeSO
Na Fe Fe FeF
(PO
Fe(ClO) 24 )
S NO
FeFe(NO
FeSO
Fe
FeCl
Fe
3FeO
(C(BO
FeS H N
3 232(II)
iron
C O
322
4)2
)
2
33222 2-
2
-
+ 2+ iron
NH4 Cuironiron
iron
iron
iron
iron
iron iron
(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
fluoride
(II)
(II)
sulfide
(II)chloride
oxide
acetate
borate
nitride
nitrite
sulfite
carbide SO 3 F
sulfate
phosphate
hypochlorite 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 7
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ Li
Na Fe LiLi Li LiF
SO
2 ClO
S NO
C
LiLi
Li
LiNOH
PO
BO
SO
Cl
224OC
S
N O
4
23 3 2
32
2
+ 2+ lithium
lithium
32 4
SO 2-
F -
NH4 Culithium
lithium
lithium
lithium
lithium
lithium
lithium
lithium acetate
phosphate
chloride
carbide
fluoride
sulfateborate
sulfide
nitrite
sulfite
oxide
nitride
hypochlorite 3
2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 8
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
3+ Cu Cu
Cu S NO
323PO C
O
+
Na Fe Cu Cu
Cu CuF
CuClO
Cu
CuCl
CuNO
Cu
C 22H
SO
BO
SO
42S
2 NO 4
4
33 2 2-
2
-
+ 2+
NH4 Cucopper
copper
copper
copper
copper(I)
copper
copper
copper
copper (I)
copper
copper
copper (I)
(I)
3
(I) 3
(I)2
carbide
(I)
oxide
(I)
(I)
(I) sulfite
borate
nitrite
(I)
nitride
SO 3 F
fluoride
phosphate
hypochlorite
chloride
sulfate
sulfide 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+ acetate SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 9
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
3+Mg MgSO
MgF
Mg(ClO)
Mg S NO
33(BO
(PO
Cl
N )
+
Na Fe Mg(CMg(NO
Mg
Mg
MgS2H
MgOSO
322
3O
C )
423
4 2
23 2
)
222
2-
2
-
+ magnesium
2+
NH4 Cumagnesium
magnesium
magnesium
magnesium oxide SO 3 F
fluoride
sulfate
hypochlorite
phosphate
chloride
nitride
borate
sulfide
acetate
3+ carbide
nitrite
sulfite 2-
2+
Sn Ni SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 10
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
Na Fe Al(C
+ 3+ AlAl2AlF
(SO
HCl33O 4)) )3 S NO
Al(NO
Al
Al(ClO)
AlPO
Al
Al
AlAlN
(SO
2
2 4BOC
SO
2 3 2
333
)
23
4333
2
2 3 2- -
+ 2+aluminum
aluminum
NH4 Cualuminum
aluminum
aluminum
aluminum
aluminum oxide SO 3 F
acetate
fluoride
sulfate
nitride
hypochlorite
phosphate
carbide
chloride
nitrite
sulfite 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+ sulfide
borate SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 11
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+
Na Fe NaC S NO
Na
NaNO
NaClO
Na
Na
NaNa
NaCl
Na
Na
NaF PO
SO
BO
SO
3H O
C
2N
24 S O2
4
2
2
32 4
3 2- -
+ 2+
NH4 Cusodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
2 3
sodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
3
carbide
oxide
2
chloride
nitrite
sulfate
borate
sulfide
sulfite
fluoride
acetate
nitride
SO 3 F
hypochlorite
phosphate 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 12
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ Fe(ClO)
Na Fe Fe(C Fe FeF(SO )
S NO
Fe FePO
FeBO
Fe
Fe(NOFe
Fe
FeN
(SO
2 Cl
H O
C
4 3O
3 34) 3
43 )3)
3
2
2 3
2 2- -
+ 2+
NH4 Cuiron
iron
iron iron
iron
iron
iron
2
iron
iron
iron
iron
2
(III)
(III)
(III)
iron
(111)
(III)
(III)
(III) 3 23 3
(III)
(III)(III)
(III)
borate
nitride
carbide
nitrite
oxide
(III)
sulfite
sulfide
SO 3 F
hypochlorite
fluoride
sulfate
phosphate
chloride 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+ acetate SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 13
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+(NH
Na Fe NH (NH
NH NH )
NO
ClO
)FCl
SO
C S NO
(NH
(NH
(NH
(NH
(NH 4
4
C
4)
4
44)
4 )
4
2
H
442
3)
)SO
PO
BO
4 N
O
S2
32 O34
4
2
4 3 2 3 2- -
+ 2+
NH4 Cuammonium 4
ammonium
ammonium
ammonium
ammonium
ammonium
ammonium
2 3 2
oxide SO 3 F
hypochlorite
carbide
fluoride
chloride
sulfate
nitrite
3+phosphate
nitride
sulfite 2-
2+
Sn Ni borate
sulfide
acetate SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 14
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+
Na Fe Cu(C CuSO
CuF
3+ Cu(ClO) S NO
Cu
Cu CuCl
Cu(NO
Cu
Cu
CuSO
3 (PO
CuO
CuS
(BO
3 2H NC2 4 )2
32 32O
4 )
) )2
3 222
2
2 2 2- -
+ 2+copper
NH4 Cucopper
copper
copper
copper
copper
copper
copper
(II)
3
(II)(II)
oxide
(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
SO 3 F
fluoride
sulfate
hypochlorite
3+phosphate
chloride
sulfide 2-
2+
Sn Ni carbide
nitride
borate
nitrite
acetate
sulfite SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 15
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ Sn
Na Fe Sn(C SnF
SnSO
Sn(ClO)(PO 24 )
S NO
Sn
Sn(NOSnO
SnSO
Sn
SnCl
Sn
SnS H
3(BO
3 23 NC O4)2)
) 2
23223 22 2
2
tin (II) 2- -
+ 2+
NH4 Cutin tin
tin
tin
tin
tin
tin
(II)
(II)
(II)
tin(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
(II)
oxide
sulfide
acetate
chloride
nitride
borate
carbide
nitrite
sulfite
fluoride
SO 3 F
sulfate
hypochlorite
phosphate 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 16
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+
Na Fe Ni(C NiF
3+ NiNiCl
NiPO
NiN
(SO
H 33O ) )
S NO
Ni
Ni(ClO)
Ni(NO
NiBO
Ni
Ni
2(SO
2
2 24 33S
O
C 34
24)
2
3 333 3
2
2- -
+ 2+ nickel
nickel
NH4 Cunickel
nickel
nickel
nickel
nickel
nickel
(III)
(III)
(III)
(III)
(III)(III)
(III)
(III)
oxide SO 3 F
nitride
fluoride
phosphate
chloride
sulfate
acetate
hypochlorite
sulfide
carbide
borate
sulfite
nitrite 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 17
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+
Na Fe AgC S NO
Ag
AgClO SO 2
2+ AgAg
AgNO
Ag
AgCl
AgAgF
2 BO
SO
H
PO
ON
C
S3O
4 2- -
+
NH4 Cusilver
silver
silver
silver
silver
silver
silver
silver
32
3 2
3
4
2
silver 2
34 2
sulfate
chloride
fluoride
phosphate
acetate
carbide
nitride
borate
sulfide
nitrite
sulfite
oxide
SO 3 F
hypochlorite 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 18
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+
Na Fe Sr(C SrF
SrSO
S NO
Sr
Sr
Sr(ClO)
Sr(NO
SrSO
SrCl
Sr
Sr(BO
(PO
SrO
SrSHN
C 2 4)
O
33 232 3222 )
33 2 )
222 2
2
2- -
+ 2+ strontium
NH4 Custrontium
strontium
strontium
strontium
strontium oxide SO 3 F
fluoride
sulfate
hypochlorite
phosphate
chloride
carbide
borate
nitride
sulfite
nitrite
sulfide 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+ acetate SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 19
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
Na Fe Mo(NO
+ Mo(BO
Mo(SO
Mo(ClO)
Mo(PO
3+ Mo(CMo
MoCl
MoO
MoN
MoS
Mo(SO 4C
2H
MoF 36O
3
2
36
44
3
2))23)26366 S NO 2
+ molybdenum
2+ (VI) SO 2- F-
NH4 Cu hypochlorite
acetate
fluoride
sulfate
phosphate
chloride
carbide
sulfide
borate
nitride
sulfite
nitrite
oxide 3
2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 20
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ MoO
Na Fe (NH S NO
FeO
Cu
Ag
Ni
Al
Li
SnO
CuO
SrO OOO 3
2
+ 2+ Fe Na
MgO O
224
2)O233O(VI)
SO 2-
F -
NH4 Cuammonium
molybdenum
iron
copper
strontium
tin
copper
nickel
lithium
silver
2
(II)
(II)
aluminum
2
(III)
magnesium
iron
sodium (I)
(III) oxide
(II)
oxide
oxideoxide
oxideoxide
oxide
oxide
oxide
oxide
oxide 3
oxide 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+ oxide
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 21
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+
Na Fe (NH Mo C S NO
Ni
Na
Cu
Sr
Fe
Mg
Cu
Ag
Al
Li
Sn C
442
4
2C
4)
C
C
CC
2C3
4 43C6
2
4
42 2- -
+ 2+
NH4 Cuiron
molybdenum
sodium
ammonium
tin
nickel
copper
strontium
iron
lithium
silver
magnesium
copper
aluminum
2
carbide
(III)
(II)
(III)carbide
(II)
(II)
carbide
carbide
(I)
carbide
(VI) SO 3 F
carbide
carbide
carbide
carbide 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+ carbide
carbide
carbide SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 22
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
3+ MoCl SrCl
Al
NH
NiClCl S NO
4Cl
+
Na Fe Mg
CuCl
CuCl
NaCl
Fe
Li
FeCl
SnCl
AgCl Cl
Cl3 2
6
3
22
32
2
+ molybdenum
2+ strontium 2 (VI) SO 2- F-
NH4 Culithium
ammonium
aluminum
nickel
sodium
copper
magnesium
copper
iron
silver
iron
tin (II)
(III)
chloride
(I)
chloride
(III)
(II)
(II)chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride 3
chloride
3+ chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride 2-
2+
Sn Ni SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 23
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
FeMo(PO
Na
CuAlPO PO )))222 S NO
Na Fe Mg Sr 3333(PO
Ag
Li
FePO(POPO
PO
+ 3+
(NH
Sn
Cu NiPO(PO
)
33
3 PO 4
4
4 3 444 2
4)
4
44 42
2
2- -
+ molybdenum
2+ copper
aluminum
sodium
NH4 Cu ammonium
lithium
magnesium
strontium
iron
silver
copper
nickel
tin (II)
(I)
(II)
(III)
(III)
(II)
(VI) SO 3 F
phosphate
phosphate
phosphate
phosphate
phosphate
phosphate
phosphate
phosphate 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 24
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
3+ (NH MoS
NiSrS
Al
CuS S NO
4S)S323S
+
Na Fe Fe Cu
NaSnS
MgS
FeS
Ag
(SO
22
2Li 222
strontium
S
S
S(III))
3 3(VI) 2-
2
-
+ molybdenum
2+
NH4 Cucoppercopper
ammonium
aluminum
nickel
tin
magnesium
iron
iron
(II)
sodium
silver
(II)
sulfide
(I)sulfide
(II)
(III) sulfide
sulfide
sulfide
sulfide
lithium sulfide
sulfide
SO 3 F
sulfide
sulfide
sulfide
3+ sulfide 2-
2+
Sn Ni SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 25
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ Mo(NO
Na Fe Mg(NO Sr(NO
Ni(NO
CuNO )326
) S NO
Sn(NO
Al(NO
AgNO
Li
Fe(NO
Cu(NO
Fe(NO
NH
NaNONONO 2
22)
2
)
2)
))
223
22 3222
2
2
4 2 2- -
+ molybdenum
2+copper
NH4 Cuammonium
iron
nickel
strontium
lithium
magnesium
silver
tin
aluminum
iron
copper
sodium
(II)
2
(III)
(I)
nitrite
(II)
(III) nitrite
nitrite
(II)
(VI)
nitrite
nitrite
nitrite
SO 3 F
nitrite
nitrite
nitrite
3+ nitrite
nitrite 2-
2+
Sn Ni SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 26
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
Na Fe Fe
+ Mo(SO
3+(NH
Al CuSO
Na
Mg
Cu
SrSO
(SO)SO
SOSO )3333
) S NO
Ni Li
Ag (SO
SnSO
FeSO
2 4
2 SO22 2
SO 33
3)
3
3
33 3
2
2- -
+ molybdenum
2+
NH4 Cu iron copper
ammonium
iron 2
copper2
magnesium
aluminum
strontium
sodium
nickel
tin (II)
lithium(II)
silver
(III)(II)
33(VI)
3
(I)
(III)
sulfite
sulfite
sulfite
SO 3 F
sulfite
sulfite
sulfite
sulfite
sulfite
sulfite
3+ sulfite 2-
2+
Sn Ni SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 27
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ NH
Na Femolybdenum
CuF
SrF
NiF
MoF
MgF
SnF
CuF
FeF
AlF
FeF
LiF
NaF
AgF F 3
2
4 23
6
2
22
S NO 2
copper
nickel
strontium
ammonium
magnesium
copper
aluminum
iron
tin (II)
(III)(I)
(III)
(II)(VI) 2- -
+ lithium
sodium
silver
2+
iron
NH4 Cu fluoride(II) fluoride
fluoride
fluoride
fluoride
fluoride
fluoride
fluoride
fluoride
SO 3 F
2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 28
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al Fe 2- -
3+(NH
Al
NiMo(SO
MgSO
Cu
Na
Ag (SO
CuSO
SnSO
Li
FeSO
SrSO
(SO)
SO
SO SO ))
)
44)33
S NO
22SO
+
Na Fe molybdenum 22 SO
4 3
224
2 2 4444
4 34 2
44 (VI)
iron
ammonium
magnesium
aluminum
copper
strontium
iron
lithium(III)
tin sulfate
(II)
(II)
(II)
(I) 2- -
+ 2+ nickel
NH4 Cu sulfate
sodium
silver (III)
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
SO 3 F
sulfate
2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 29
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ Mo(ClO)
CuClO
Ni(ClO)
NH
Fe(ClO)
Sr(ClO)
AgClO
Li 4ClO
3+Fe(ClO)
Cu(ClO)
Mg(ClO)
Sn(ClO)
Al(ClO)
NaClO
Na Femolybdenum ClO32322362 S NO 2
copper
silver (I) (VI) 2- -
+ 2+ lithium
ammonium
nickel
strontium
iron
sodium
NH4 Cu hypochlorite
iron
magnesium
copper
tin (III)
(III)
(II)
aluminum
(II)
hypochlorite
(II)
hypochlorite
SO 3 F
hypochlorite
hypochlorite
hypochlorite
hypochlorite
hypochlorite
hypochlorite 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 30
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+Cu Mo(BO
Cu
Mg
Sr
(NH
Na Fecopper Li
NiBO
Ag
Al3(BO
(BOBO
3BO
BO
)BO BO 33)
)
)22322 S NO
Sn
Fe FeBO
Na33(BO
(BO
343
3 (I)
molybdenum
3 BO
3 33
3
3 )
3)
33332(VI)
borate 2
2
3 borate 2- -
+ lithium
2+
NH4 Cu ironmagnesium
copper
nickel
strontium
ammonium
silver
aluminum
tin
iron (II)
sodium
(III)
(II)
borate
(III)
borate
borate
(II)borate
borate
borate
borate SO 3 F
borate
borate
borate
borate 2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 31
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
+ 3+ (NH Mg
Na Femolybdenum
MoN
NiN
Cu
Sr
Cu
Ag
Sn
LiAlN33
N
N
NN
)232222N
N S NO
Na
Fe FeN
nickel 3 N
34
3 N
33(III)
magnesium 2 (VI)
2
aluminum 2- -
+ 2+ ammonium
NH4 Cu sodium
copper
ironcopper
strontium
lithium
silver
tin (II)
(I) (II)
nitride
(III)
nitride
nitride
nitride
nitride
nitride
(II) nitride
ironnitride nitride SO 3 F
nitride
nitride
2-
2+
Sn Ni 3+
SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 32
Go To Next Slid
Ionic Compound
Formulae
(Formula Units)
Cation Anion
Fe2+ O 2-
C 4-
+ +
Li Cu Cl -
PO 3-
2+ 3+ 4
Mg Al 2- -
Na Fe Sn(C
+ 3+Cu(C
Sr(C
Ni(C
Al(C
NHCu
Li(C
Mo(C
Fe
Fe(C CC22HH
2HH
H
2HH
H OO
OO
3OOO )222)))2)336223222 S NO
NaC
AgC
Mg(C 42222
22H
2H
333
2 3 2
33
33
3 3O
O2
222
22 2
2- -
+ 2+ aluminum
nickel
copper
strontium
copper
lithium
tin
molybdenum
NH4 Cusodium
ammonium
magnesium
iron
iron (II)
(III)
(III)
silver acetate(II)(II)
(I)
acetate (VI) SO 3 F
acetate
acetate
acetate
acetate
3+ acetate
acetate 2-
2+
Sn Ni SO4
Ag+ Sr2+ ClO -
6+
Mo BO33- N3-
C2H3O2- 33
Go To Next Slid
 Ionic Nomenclature
Getting a formula out of a name
Write the symbol of both ions, cation
first.
Include known charges of the ions.
Roman numerals in the Stock system tell
the charge of cations with multiple oxidation
states.
Polyatomic ions dont have more than one
oxidation state.
Paying no attention to the signs of the
charges crisscross them as subscripts for
the opposite ions.
Fe NO
Fe(NO
2+
2
NO
NO
NO3)232
3
11-
33
Use parentheses if there is more than one of
34
a polyatomic ion type.
 Chemical Formulae
Ionic versus Molecular/Covalent
Ionic compounds typically feature a
metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion).
Molecular compounds are composed of
nonmetals exclusively.
Both must be electrically neutral in
charge.
Nomenclature (naming) has
similarities the differences occur
because of the law of multiple
proportions. 35
 Molecular Formulae
Formula Structure
Elements present
Subscripts* (shows how much of each
element)

CO2 This is carbon diox

*
If no subscript is present it
means that there is only one
atom of that element
This is a molecule of a molecular comp
36
Molecular Nomenclature
Naming Rules
Write the names of both elements.
You will only learn covalent naming for
binary compounds
Change the ending of the second
element to -ide.
Add prefixes to each element to indicate
the subscripted number of atoms present.
If the first element only has one atom then
carbon oxide
dioxide
oxygen
no prefix is added.
Example: CO2 becomes 37
Molecular Nomenclature
Prefixes
- Greek prefixes used
1. mono-
2. di
3. tri-
4. tetra-
5. penta-
6. hexa-
7. hepta-
8. octa-
9. nona-
10. deca-
- The final o or a of the prefix is usually
dropped when preceding an element 38
beginning with a vowel.
 Binary/Ternary Acid
Nomenclature
Binary Acids are acids made of two
components.
Hydrogen and,
A single nonmetal (F, S, Cl, Se, Br, and I)
Ternary Acids are acids made of two
components.
Hydrogen and,
A polyatomic ion
Acids act as molecular and ionic
compounds. 39
 Binary Acid Formulae
Formula Structure
Elements present (always starts with
hydrogen)
Subscripts* (shows how much of each
element)
HCl This is hydrochloric ac

*
If no subscript is present it
means that there is only one
atom of that element
This is a molecule of a molecular comp
40
Binary Acid Nomenclature
Naming those featuring a single
nonmetal
Write hydro immediately followed by
the second element, the nonmetal.
Change the ending of the second
element to -ic.
Had this been a normal molecular formulae
the ending would have been ide
It maybe helpful to think Change ide to
ic.
hydrochlorine
hydrochloric acid
Write the word acid 41
 Ternary Acid Formulae
Formula Structure
Elements present (always starts with
hydrogen)
Subscripts* (shows how much of each
element)
HNO2 This is nitrous acid

*
If no subscript is present it
means that there is only one
atom of that element
This is a molecule of a molecular comp
42
Binary Acid Nomenclature
Naming those featuring a polyatomic
ion
Write the name of the polyatomic ion.
Change the ending of the polyatomic
ion
-ate turns to -ic. Change ate to ic.
-ite turns to ous. Change ite to ous.
Write the word acid
nitrous acid
nitrite

Example: HNO2 becomes 43

Binary Acid Formulae
Cl- NO3-
SO42- F-
H
H H
HClO
H
HNOHF
PO
HCl
HBr
PO
3BOS
HI
SO
2 43
3
32 434
S2-
H hydrosulfuric
hydrochloric
hydrofluoric
phosphoric
hydrobromic
hydroiodic
phosphoric
chloric
nitric
sulfuric
acid
acid
+ BO
acid
acid
acid
acid3
3-
acid
acid
boric acid
PO43-
I-
ClO3- Br-
HPO42-
44
 Practice
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