Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1
GSM RADIO SUBSYSTEM
GSM
Transmitter
IF/RF
IF/RF
GSM Receiver
speech
Source Channel Burst
De-Interleaving De-ciphering Demodulation
Decoding Decoders Disassembly
3
Source Coding (Speech Coding): Conversion of analog voice signal into digitized and
coded signal. The GSM speech coder is based on Residually Excited Linear Predictive
Coder (RELP). The coder provides 260 bits for each 20 ms blocks of speech, which yields
a bit rate of 13 kbps. The 260-bit block can be divided into three groups: First 50 bits are
Class Ia bits which are most sensitive to bit errors, Next 132 bits are Class Ib bits which
are moderately sensitive to bit errors, and the last 78 bits are Class II which are least
sensitive to bit errors at the output of the speech coder.
Speech coder utilizes voice activity-detector(VAD) which considers that each person
speaks on average for less than 40% of the time. Hence, GSM system operates in DTX
mode (discontinuous transmission).
4
Channel Coding: provides error protection against fading and distortion effects in the
propagation channel. The data rate at the output of channel coder is 22.8 kbps.
Full Rate Speech Channel (TCH/FS), SACCH, and FACCH Channel Coding: Out of
260 bits in a frame only 189 bits (of which 50 bits are Class Ia, 3 parity check bits, 132
bits are Class Ib, and 4 bits are trailing zero bits) are convolutionally encoded using rate
convolutional encoder with constraint length K=5. For 20 ms frame, the output of the CC
is 378 bits and 78 junk bits are added to have 456 bits
Channel Coding for Data Channels: 240 bits of user data+ tailing bits are input to
rate with K=5 CC. The resulting 488 coded bits are reduced to 456 bits through puncturing
(32 bits are not transmitted)
Channel Coding for Control Channels: Control channel bits are 184 bits long, which
are generated by cyclic fire code (that is generated using generator polynomial
G5(x)=x^40+x^26+x^23+x^17+x^3+1)
This 184 bits+40 parity bits+4 tail bits are input to rate K=5 CC to result in 456 bits.
5
Interleaving: To minimize the effect of sudden fades on the received data, the output of
channel coder, which is 456 bits, within each 20 ms frame are separated into eight 57 bit
sub-blocks. This eight sub-blocks which make up a single speech frame are spread over
eight consecutive TCH time slots.
Ciphering: Modification of the contents of eight interleaved blocks through the use of
encryption techniques known only to the particular MS and BS. Encryption algorithm is
changed from call to call. A3 and A5 algorithms are used in GSM. In A3 algorithm, each
mobile is verified by users passcode within the SIM with the cryptographic key at the MSC.
The A5 algorithm provides the scrambling for the 114 coded data bits sent in each time
slot.
Full Rate Speech Channel (TCH/FS), SACCH, and FACCH Channel Coding: Out of
260 bits in a frame only 189 bits are convolutionally encoded using rate convolutional
encoder with constraint length K=5. For 20 ms frame, the output of the CC is 378 bits and
78 junk bits are added to have 456 bits
Channel Coding for Data Channels: 240 bits of user data+ tailing bits are input to
rate with K=5 CC. The resulting 488 coded bits are reduced to 456 bits through puncturing
(32 bits are not transmitted)
Channel Coding for Control Channels: Control channel bits are 184 bits long, which
are generated by cyclic fire code (that is generated using generator polynomial 6
G5(x)=x^40+x^26+x^23+x^17+x^3+1)
Burst Assembly: Adds binary data to the ciphered blocks for synchronization and
equalization of the received signal
Modulation: 0.3 GMSK (where BT=0.3 implies 3dB bandwidth of the Gaussian pulse
shaping filter with relation to the bit rate) modulation type is employed in GSM. Binary
ones and zeros are represented by shifting the RF carrier by +- 67.708 kHz. The channel
data rate is 270.833333 kbps.
Frequency Hopping: In case of severe multipath fading at the particular physical channel,
the frequency hopping is implemented on a frame-by-frame basis at a maximum rate of
217.6 hops per second. As many as 64 different channels may be used before a hopping
sequence is repeated.
7
BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (BFSK)
N 1 N 1
S MSK (t ) ml (t ) p (t 2iTb ) cos 2fct mQ (t ) p (t 2iTb Tb ) sin 2fct I-Q
i 0 i 0 modulation
B 2 Eb t
A cos B sin A B cos( tan
2 2
) 1 S MSK (t ) cos 2f c t ml (t )mQ (t ) k
A Tb 2Tb
Gaussian
NRZ Data FM
low pass GMSK
Transmitter
filter
2 2 F
hG (t ) exp 2 t H G ( f ) exp( 2 f 2 )
ln 2 0.5887
is related to B, the 3 dB baseband bandwidth of
H (f)
G 2B B
10
Communications Over The Air (Radio) Interface
(Um)
Um
BSS
MS
11
TDMA DATA FORMAT
Broadcast Channels
Common Control
Control Channels (CCH)
Channels (CCCH)
13
LOGICAL CHANNELS
G S M L o g ic a l C h a n n e l T y p e s
T r a f f ic C h a n n e l C o n tro l C h a n n e l
(T C H ) (C C H )
F u ll R a te H a lf R a te
B ro a d c a s t C o m m o n C o n tro l D e d ic a t e d C o n t r o l
C h a n n e ls ( B C H ) C h a n n e l( C C C H ) C h a n n e ls ( D C C H )
S p ee ch D a ta S p ee ch D a ta
B ro a d c a s t P a g in g S t a n d - a lo n e
c o n tro l C hannel D e d ic a t e d C o n t r o l
channel (P C H ) C h a n n e ls
(B C C H ) (S D C C H )
T C H /F S T C H / F 9 .6 T C H /H S T C H / 4 .8 F re q u e n c y R andom S lo w
13 kbps T C H / F 4 .8 T C H / 2 .4 C o r r e c t io n A cce ss A s s o c ia t e d
T C H / F 2 .4 C hannel C hannel C o n t r o l C h a n n e ls
(F C C H ) (R A C H ) (S A C C H )
S y n c h r o n iz a t i o n A cce ss F a st
C hannel G ra n t A s s o c ia t e d
(S C H ) C hannel C o n t r o l C h a n n e ls
(A G C H ) (F A C C H )
14
LOGICAL CHANNEL BURST (TIME SLOT)
FORMATS
Normal
3 start 58 bits of 26 training 58 bits of 3 stop 8.25 bits
bits encrypted data bits encrypted data bits guard period
FCCH
burst
3 start
142 fixed bits of all zeroes
3 stop 8.25 bits
bits bits guard period
SCH burst
3 start 39 bits of 64bits of 39 bits of 3 stop 8.25 bits
bits encrypted data training encrypted data bits guard period
RACH
burst
8 start 41 bits of 36 bits of 3 stop 68.25 bits extended
bits synchronization encrypted data bits guard period
Dummy burst
3 start 26 training 3 stop 8.25 bits
58 mixed bits 58 mixed bits
bits bits bits guard period
15
Full-Rate Traffic Channels (TCH/F)
*Phase 2+ development
Characteristics:
User speech and data
22.8 Kbps gross bit rate
Bi-directional
16
Half-Rate Traffic Channels (TCH/H)
Characteristics:
User speech and data
11.4 kbps gross bit rate
Bi-directional
17
Broadcast Control Channels
Characteristics:
Point-to-multipoint
Unidirectional (downlink only)
Mapped into time slot 0
FCCH: Special data burst occupying TS 0 and repeated every 10 frame. Used for frequency
correction at the MS.
SCH: Used to identify the serving BS while allowing each MS to frame synchronize with the
BS. Frame number (FN) is sent with BSID during the SCH burst.
BCCH: Send information such as cell and network ID, operation characteristic of the cell,
and list of neighboring cells 18
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Paging Channel (PCH) (downlink)
CCCH Access Grant Channel (AGCH) (downlink)
Random Access Channel (RACH) (uplink)
Characteristics:
Point-to-multipoint
Call set-up and management
Mapped into time slot 0 and optionally into
Time slots 2, 4 and 6 for greater capacity
Paging Channel (PCH): sends broadcast messages ASCII text messages to all
subscribers, as part of SMS feature of GSM. MS periodically listens PCH to determine
whether there is a call request for it.
Access Grant Channel (AGCH): carries data which instructs the mobile to operate
in a particulaar physical channel (TS and ARFCN) with particular dedicated control
channel. AGCH is the final CCCH message sent by the BS before the MS switches off
the control channel. It is used by the BS to respond RACH message.
Random Access Channel (RACH): is only in the uplink direction. It is used for call
request or respond to a page from the BS. It uses a slotted ALOHA access protocol
and must request access or respond to a PCH alert within TS0 of every GSM frame.
19
Dedicated Control Channels
(DCCH)
Stand-Alone Dedicated Control (SDCCH)
SDCCH/4 (mapped with CCCH)
DCCH SDCCH/8 (on separate channel)
20
DCCHs may exist at any time slot except TSO.
SDCCH carries signaling data following the connection of the mobile with the BS
just before TCH assignment. It can be thought as an intermediate temporary channel
which accepts newly completed call from the BCH. It holds the traffic while waiting
for the BS to allocate a TCH channel. It is used to send authentication and alert
messages as the mobile synchronizes itself with the frame structure and waits for
TCH.
SACCH: always associated with a traffic channel and maps onto the same physical
channel. It is used to send TX power level instructions and specific timing advance
instructions for each user on the ARFCN. The reverse SACCH carries information
about the received signal strength and quality of the TCH, as well as BCH
measurement results from neighboring cells.
FACCH: carries urgent messages (such as handoff request )and contains essentially
the same type of information as the SDCCH. It gains access to a time slot by
stealing frames from the traffic channel to which it is assigned. If stealing bit is set
the time slot is known to contain FACCH data, not a TCH, for that frame.
21
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
Characteristics:
Point-to-multipoint
Unidirectional (downlink only)
Transmission Channel for short information
Message service
Uses same physical channel structure as SDCCH
i.e. Replaces ONE logical SDCCH
22
LOGICAL CONTROL CHANNELS
R R R R R R R R R R R R
24