TENTH EDITION

BIOLOGY Global Edition

A Global Approach
Campbell Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

5Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Topic 1 Biological Molecules (Part 1)

Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

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The Molecules of Life

a) All living things are made up of four classes

of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
b) Macromolecules are large molecules and are
complex
c) Large biological molecules have unique properties
that arise from the orderly arrangement of their atoms
d) Molecular structure and function are inseparable

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Concept 5.1: Macromolecules are polymers, built from
monomers
a) A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many
similar building blocks
b) The repeating units that serve as building blocks are
called monomers
c) Three of the four classes of lifes organic molecules
are polymers
a)Carbohydrates
b)Proteins
c)Nucleic acids

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The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers

a) Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed

up chemical reactions such as those that make or
break down polymers
b) A dehydration reaction (condensation) occurs
when two monomers bond together through the loss
of a water molecule
c) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by
hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse
of the dehydration reaction

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Figure 5.2
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer

1 2 3
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond. H2O

1 2 3 4

Longer polymer

(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer

1 2 3 4

Hydrolysis adds a water H2O

molecule, breaking a bond.

1 2 3
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 A B

dehydration hydrolysis
synthesis
Which picture
represents
Is water
removed or
added?
Are polymers or
monomers
formed?

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The Diversity of Polymers

a) Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules

b) Macromolecules vary among cells of an organism,
vary more within a species, and vary even more
between species
c) A huge variety of polymers can be built from a small
set of monomers

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Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building
material

a) Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of

sugars
b) The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or
simple sugars
c) Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides,
polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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Sugars

a) Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are

usually multiples of CH2O
b) Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
monosaccharide
c) Monosaccharides are classified by
a)The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose
or ketose)
b)The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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 Carbonyl

Acetone, the simplest ketone

The carbonyl group ( C = O)
consists of a carbon atom
joined to an oxygen atom by a
double bond.
Ketones if the carbonyl group is
within a carbon skeleton Propanal, an aldehyde

Aldehydes if the carbonyl group

is at the end of the carbon
skeleton

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Figure 5.3a

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar) Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Trioses: 3-carbon sugars (C3H6O3)

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

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Figure 5.3b

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar) Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Pentoses: 5-carbon sugars (C5H10O5)

Ribose Ribulose

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Figure 5.3c

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar) Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Hexoses: 6-carbon sugars (C6H12O6)

Glucose Galactose Fructose

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 What type of molecules are these?

Trioses (C3H6O3) Pentoses (C5H10O5) Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Aldoses

Glyceraldehyde

Ribose
Glucose Galactose

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How are these molecules different from aldoses?

Trioses (C3H6O3) Pentoses (C5H10O5) Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Ketoses

Dihydroxyacetone

Ribulose
Fructose

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 a) Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous
solutions many sugars form rings
b) Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for cells and
as raw material for building molecules

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Only sugars in solution which exist in linear form
are able to reduce other molecules because of
free aldehyde group.
Circle the free aldehyde groups in pix.

(b)
Abbreviated
(a) Linear and ring forms
ring structure

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Reducing property of monosaccharides is due to:

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 The Principle of Redox
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)

becomes reduced
(gains electron)

a) In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

b) In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced
(the amount of positive charge is reduced)

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a) The electron donor is called the reducing agent
b) The electron receptor is called the oxidizing agent

becomes oxidized

becomes reduced

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Based on following slide(s): Reduction/ Oxidation
If A reduces B
A B

Donates: Receives:

Receives: Donates:

Is called a: Is called:

Has been: Has been:

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Animation:Disaccharides

1. Whatisthenameofthereactionshown?
2. Whatarethecomponentsof:
a) Sucrose
b) Lactose
c) Maltose

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 GotLactose? FYI
Mostoftheworldspopulationcannot
digestmilkbasedfoods
Theyarelactoseintolerant,because
theylacktheenzymelactase
Thisillustratestheimportanceof
biologicalmolecules,suchaslactase,
tofunctioninglivingorganisms

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 FYI
EVOLUTIONCONNECTION:
Lactosetoleranceisarecenteventinhumanevolution

Mutationsarealterationsinbasesorthesequenceof
basesinDNA
*FYIonly:
Lactosetoleranceistheresultofmutations
Inmanypeople,thegenethatdictateslactoseutilizationis
turnedoffinadulthood
Apparently,mutationsoccurredovertimethatprevented
thegenefromturningoff
Thisisanexcellentexampleofhumanevolution

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 a) A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides
b) This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

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Figure 5.5

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose

14
glycosidic
linkage

H2O
Glucose Glucose Maltose

(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

12
glycosidic
linkage

H2O
Glucose Fructose Sucrose

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 Whyissucrosenonreducing?

Clue:Onlysugarsinsolution
whichexistinlinearformare
abletoreduceothermolecules
becauseoffreealdehydeorketo
group

Whereisthefreealdehyde
groupinsucrosepix?

27
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Polysaccharides

a) Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have

storage and structural roles
b) The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are
determined by its sugar monomers and the positions
of its glycosidic linkages

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Storage Polysaccharides

a) Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists

entirely of glucose monomers
b) Plants store surplus starch as granules within
chloroplasts and other plastids
c) The simplest form of starch is amylose

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Figure 5.6a

Storage structures
(plastids)
containing starch
granules in a potato Amylose (unbranched)
tuber cell

Amylopectin Glucose
(somewhat monomer
branched)
50 m
(a) Starch

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 a) Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals
b) Glycogen is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
c) Hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose
when the demand for sugar increases

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Figure 5.6b

Glycogen
granules in
muscle
tissue Glycogen (branched)

1 m
(b) Glycogen

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Structural Polysaccharides

a) The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component

of the tough wall of plant cells
b) Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the
glycosidic linkages differ
c) The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose:
alpha () and beta ()

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Figure 5.6c

Based on following figure, what shape does cellulose

have? Why?

Cellulose molecule
Cellulose microfibrils
(unbranched)
in a plant cell wall

Microfibril Hydrogen bonds

0.5 m
(c) Cellulose

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Figure 5.7a

Whats the difference between and glucose ring

structures?

Glucose Glucose

(a) and glucose ring structures

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Figure 5.7b

(b) Starch: 14 linkage of glucose monomer

(c) Cellulose: 14 linkage of glucose monomers

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 a)Starch ( configuration) is largely helical
b)Cellulose molecules ( configuration) are straight and
unbranched
c)Some hydroxyl groups on the monomers of cellulose
can hydrogen bond with hydroxyls of parallel cellulose
molecules
d)Parallel cellulose molecules held together this way are
grouped into microfibrils, which form strong building
materials for plants

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 a) Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing linkages
cant hydrolyze linkages in cellulose
b) The cellulose in human food passes through the
digestive tract as insoluble fiber
c) Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose
d) Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have
symbiotic relationships with these microbes

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 a) Chitin, another structural polysaccharide, is found in
the exoskeleton of arthropods
b) Chitin also provides structural support for the cell
walls of many fungi

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Figure 5.8

The structure
of the chitin
monomer

Chitin, embedded in proteins,
forms the exoskeleton of
arthropods.

Chitin is used to
make a strong
and flexible
surgical
thread.

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Whatbasicshapedothesepolymersshare?
Chloroplast Starch Mitochondria Glycogen granules

0.5 m

1 m

Amylose Glycogen

Amylopectin

(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

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 Carbohydrates

1. What type of linkage *** do starch & glycogen share in

common?
2. Which is more branched?
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