STRESS &

STRAIN
FORCES
 Term for Stress & Strain

*) Important distinction between two quantities

Deformation

Dilation: a change in volume

Distortion: a change in form
Translation: a change in place
Rotation: a change in orientation
VECTOR & COORDINATE SYSTEM
 BASIC CONCEPTS

FORCES & VECTORS

Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter
Newton II law of motion : F=Ma
Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes

(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction

(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces

Two Types of Force

Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force)
Contact /surface Forces (i.e. loading)

Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990)

 STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:

= F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),
Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)
 STRESS

n)
(
ss
Stress at a point in 2D

tre

Stress ( )
al S
Types of stress

rm
No
Normal stress ( N)
Sh
ear
Str
ess
(
s)

(+) Compressive (-) Tensile

Shear stress ( S)

(+) (-)
 The State of
3-Dimensional
Stress at Point

Principal Stress:
1

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

STRESS ON A PLANE AND AT A POINT

Stress Tensor Notation

11 12 13
= 21 22 23
31 32 33
 FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Principal Stress:
1
All stress axes are mutually
perpendicular
Shear stress are zero in the
direction of principal stress

Stress Tensor Notation

11 12 13
= 21 22 23
31 32 33

12 = 21, 13 = 31, 23 = 32
Stress Ellipsoid
ELIPSOID TEGASAN 1 1

1 > 2 = 3 3 3
2 2

3
1 = 2 > 3 1 1
2 2

1 1

1 > 2 > 3 3 3
2 2
 SPECIAL
STATE OF STRESS
 Mohr Diagram 2-D
Planes of maximum shear stress

A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

s
x x
= +45 Planes of maximum s max
' = +45
+
shear stress Counter clockwise
n n
-

s x x n
s
'

Counterclockwise Clockwise s max

shear stress shear stress Clockwise

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

Compressive Fractures

The Coulomb Law of Failure

c = o + tan ( n)

c = critical shear stress

o = cohesive strength
tan = coefficient
of internal friction
n = normal stress

(Modified from Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

 1 + 3 - 1 3
N = cos 2
2 2
Stress Equation:
1 3
s = Sin 2
2
Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition

s
Von Mises ductle
Brittle-ductile failure criterion
transition

Yield stress
Coulumb
fracture
criterion

Parabolic E
fracture D
envelope C

B
T0
1 n
n f f
A
3

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

 STRESS
Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials
affected (i.e. gravitational force).
Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the
distortion they produce.
Stress is defined as force per unit area.
Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component
depending they direction relative to the plane.
Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and
homogenous
Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.
Principal stress 1> 2> 3
The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has
nothing directly to do with distortions.
Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock
 STRAIN

UNDEFORMED DEFORMED

Strain is defined as the change (in size and shape

resulting from the action of an applied stress field
 TYPES OF STRAIN

H H

A. Homogeneous strain

B. Inhomogeneous strain
 Fundamental Strain Equations
Undeformed State Deformed State
R = en

l o = 5 cm Strain r = Sn
R=1
L

L' = 3 cm

l f = 8 cm

L
L' = 4.8 cm A. Extension and stretch

Undeformed State Deformed State

T
Extension (e) = (lf lo)/lo R
t es tan

Strain r

Lengthening e>0 and shortening e<0

Stretch (S) = lf/lo = 1 + e

B. Shear strain

= tan

Shear Strain ()
 Strain Ellipsoid

S1
S1 = Maximum Finite Stretch
S3 = Minimum Finite Stretch

S2
S3
S3

S1
S3

S2

S1
(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)
ELIPSOID TERAKAN 1 1

1 > 2 = 3 3 3
2 2

1 1

1 = 2 > 3 3 3
2 2

1 1

1 > 2 > 3 3 3
2 2
Strain Measurement from Outcrop


= gap
STRESS VS. STRAIN DIAGRAM
BRITTLE VS. DUCTILE

Strain-Stress Diagram
 Yield Strength Stress Strain Diagram
400 After Strain
Hardening Ultimate
D Strength
C B E
300 A
Yield
Differential Stress (in MPa)

Strength A. Onset plastic deformation

Rep ture
B. Removal axial load
Strength
C. Permanently strained
D. Plastic deformation
200 E. Rupture

100

1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain (in %)
BRITTLE & DUCTILE
STRESS vs. STRAIN
Stress Ellipsoid
Strain Ellipsoid
Relationship Between Stress and Strain
Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock
Deformation
Rheology of The Rocks
Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus
Measuring Shortening
Measuring Strain Rate
Strength and Ductility
 Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram A. Mohr Diagram

x
s
n

(p)
(p)
n , s
s(p)

r
n(p)
sin
2 (p)
(p) x n n
s n

Plane P

2 2

(Twiss and Moores, 1992) cos
2