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How are new polymer and composite materials tested for safety?

Annie Nguyen
Lighthouse Christian College
Unit 1 Chemistry, 2017

Introduction Thermosetting Thermoplastic


Returns to their original form
when heated
Cannot return to its original
form when heated
Discussion
Introduction: Not recyclable Recyclable Discussion:
Polymers are substances which has molecular structure built with a Polymer melts are used world Polymers are tested for their hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, chemical bonds, molecular
wide, it is used to manufacture structure and composition. They are tested by different testing methods such as mechanical testing, physical
number of smaller units bonded together. Polymer testing allows people a great amount of objects. testing, rheological testing, weathering, optical testing, electrical testing and gas Chromatography.
Extensive cross linking No cross linking
to identify the characteristics, properties and flaws of the materials. In Polymers have many physical and mechanical properties that can be altered by methods like, Solvation
Strong covalent bonds Weak forces which dissolves the polymer, therefore weight loss and softening will occur as the polymer becomes solute,
contrast, composite materials are 2 or more different materials produce carbon when heated Plasticisation, which allows movement of the individual molecular chains causing the polymer to become
combined together to create a superior and unique material. Composite Char increasingly flexible as more plasticiser is absorbed, it also soften polymers, increase the ductility therefore
Condensation polymerisation Addition polymerisation causing an increase in tensile elongation at the same time lowering tensile strength another example of
materials are tested for their safety, quality, process control and altering polymers is called Creep and creep rupture this indicates how a polymer will behave under specified
Table 1.1
performance. There are many ways to test the safety of polymers and Composite
material
conditions of environment and load after exposure to various chemicals.
There are 2 types of plastics
composite materials, there is three main testing methods mechanical Thermosetting and thermoplastic. Differences between thermosetting and thermoplastic are presented in table 1.1.
testing, physical testing and chemical testing. Both polymeric materials Composite materials are tested for their safety, quality, process control, performance and meeting the regulatory
and composite materials are required to meet the criteria of the national compliance regulations. The three main methods of testing composite materials is tensile testing, when the material
is stretched to investigate the elasticity, shear testing, when the material is put under pressure and flexural strength
and international standards. which is when the material is bent under pressured in a controlled environment. The benefits of composite
materials is that it is non-corrosive, non-conductive, flexible, low maintenance, long life and its design flexibility.
Composite materials are differentiated into 3 main groups, physical, mechanical and tribological properties. The
Polymers physical properties is that composite materials are anisotropic (different depending on the direction of the applied
force of load), density, weight fraction and volume fraction. Mechanical properties of composite materials is their
Methodology Results hardness and tensile strength. Tribological properties (interacting surfaces in relative motion) is the coefficient of
How are polymers tested for their safety? friction, wear resistance, self-lubricant, abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance of composite materials.
Mechanical testing Results:
Physical testing
Rheological testing How are polymers tested for their safety?
Weathering Mechanical testing, this is testing the polymers tensile strength and flexibility
Optical testing Physical testing, testing the density, hardness and if the polymer is scratch resistance
Electrical testing
Gas Chromatography Rheological testing is the testing of the flow and deformation of materials in the laws of elasticity and
Types of technology used to test safety of polymers: viscosity.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Weathering is testing whether the polymer can withhold UV radiation, various different temperatures,
Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR)
Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) humidity, repeated sterilisation and the environmental impact.
Gel permeation Chromatography (GPC) Optical testing is seeing what colour the polymer is, whether is hazes or whether it is glossy
Size exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Electrical testing, investigating whether the polymer is able to conduct electricity
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Optical Microscopy (OM) Gas Chromatography (GC)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Shore D testing with a Durometer
How polymers are tested
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): Characterises materials, the mass of the substance is monitored while it
Conclusion
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Spectroscopy (EDS) goes under a controlled temperature program where the temperature is altered to examine if the weight of Conclusion:
How thermoplastics are tested through chemical compatibility: the substance increases or decreases. There are a wide diverse of methods to test if materials such as polymers and composite
Environmental stress cracking/ crazing (ESC)
Chemical reaction materials are safe for their use. Scientist have done years and years worth of investigating so
Plasticisation Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR): Identify specific functional group in the molecule, if the substance is a
Solvation pure compound or to detect specific impurities. citizens are able to use these kinds of materials. Polymers and composite materials are all
Creep and creep rupture tested for tensile strength, resistance, flammability, ductility, quality and many more. The
How polymers are tested
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Gel permeation Chromatography (GPC): Characterising the complete molecular weight of a polymer. The polymers and composite materials are tested for their physical, mechanical and chemical
Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) molecular weight of a polymer can affect the physical properties of the polymer. properties to determine whether the materials are safe or not.
Gel permeation Chromatography (GPC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR): Determining the structure of organic compounds
Optical Microscopy (OM)
Shore D testing with a Durometer
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Optical Microscopy (OM): Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Identifies the melting point, heat of
Gas Chromatography (GC) fusion, latent heat of melting, reaction energy. Glass transition temperature, crystalline phase,
denaturisation, oxidisation induction times and specific heat.

Shore D testing with a Durometer: Determines the relative hardness of soft materials.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Uses high energy beam of electrons to generate many signals at the
surface of solid specimens. These signals reveals the chemical composition and crystalline structure and
orientation of materials that make up the substance

Gas Chromatography (GC): Separating chemical substances that relies on differences in partitioning
behaviour between a flowing mobile phase and a stationary phase to separate the components in the
mixture.

References: Todd Johnson. (2017). What is a composite?. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-composite-820406


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