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Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water,
and -geology meaning the study of
the Earth)
process of water
moving into the
soil/ground
to penetrate,
enter or gain
access
I. Water Beneath the Surface
Groundwater: underground water
that fills almost all of the
pores/voids in rocks and
sediment
Aquifer: a body of rock that can store
water and also let water flow through
Think of an AQUIFER as a
large, horizontal sponge that
absorbs and transports water
along its length
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-
bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or
unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt)
from which groundwater can be extracted using a
water well.
Aquifer
Aquiclude
Aquitard
Aquifuge
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer( artesian)
Perched
Aquifer : A saturated, permeable, geologic unit / formation or
group of formations that can yield a significant amount ( sufficient
quantity) of groundwater to be called as a source of supply.
Permeability
particle size =
Smaller
greater capillarity
Capillary Fringe: middle layer,
between the water table and the
zone of aeration.
C. MOVEMENT OF
GROUNDWATER
Depends on:
1. Permeability of the aquifer
permeability = velocity
2. Gradient of the water table
Gradient = steepness of the
slope
gradient = velocity
II. Wells and Springs
Water Table: upper layer of rocks
with all pores filled with water.
A. Ordinary Well: A hole dug below
the water table which fills up
with water.
Cone of Depression: lowered area of
the water table due to pumping
B. Artesian Wells: water flows
freely with no pumping
Underground water
under pressure
(between two
impermeable rock
layers) rises to the
surface
Water is naturally
filtered as it passes
through porous rock
and seeps to surface
III. Groundwater and
Chemical Weathering