UGPA1143CHEMISTRYFOR

PETROCHEMICAL
ENGINEERING

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 Introduction

Poly mer
poly = many meros = parts

n Monomers Monomer
n
polymer

Plastic
plasticos = to shape or to form
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 Why Polymers/Plastics?

Useful materials

Properties depend
on polymer-type

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 Why Polymers/Plastics?

Advanced Technology
The key to this exceptional performance is a suite of new technologies being developed
by Boeing and its international technology development team. Boeing has announced
that as much as 50 percent of the primary structure -- including the fuselage and wing --
on the 787 will be made of composite materials.

Copied from: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/index.html

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 Why Polymers/Plastics?
1000
engineering ceramics

engineering
100
Young's Modulus, E (GPa)

composites engineering
alloys
10 o d
wo porous ceramics

engineering
o od

plastics
w
1
o d
wo
0.1
polymer
foams elastomers
0.01
0.1 1 10
3 3
Density, (10 kg/m )
Adapted from JF Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 6th Edn, Pearson, 2005 5
 Why Polymers/Plastics?

Further High-Tech Material Applications:

combinatorial chemistry supports
microchips
optical fibres / waveguides
tissue engineering
contact lenses
sensors
artificial organs
...

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 Classifications

n Monomers Monomer
n
polymer

Classification according to polymerization mechanism:

polycondensation/step addition or chain polymerization

X
A + B * +
Y

X
A B *

Y
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 Microstructure
* Intermolecular * Intramolecular

* molecular mass- * stereo isomerism

distribution

* chemical composition * chain regularity

distribution
(copolymers) * branching

* triad fractions
(copolymers)
 MONOMERS & POLYMERS

Monomers are small molecules which may be joined together in a

repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers.

A polymer may be a natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised

of repeating units of a smaller molecule (monomers). While many
people use the term 'polymer' and 'plastic' interchangeably,
polymers are a much larger class of molecules which includes
plastics, plus many other materials, such as as cellulose, amber,
and natural rubber.
Monomers for
polymers
 Types of Polymers
Polymer Classifications
Thermoset: cross-linked polymer that cannot be melted (tires,
rubber bands)
Thermoplastic: Meltable plastic
Elastomers: Polymers that stretch and then return to their original
form: often thermoset polymers
Thermoplastic elastomers: Elastic polymers that can be melted
(soles of tennis shoes)
Polymer Families
Polyolefins: made from olefin (alkene) monomers
Polyesters, Amides, Urethanes, etc.: monomers linked by ester,
amide, urethane or other functional groups
Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides, DNA, proteins
 Common Polyolefins
Monomer Polymer
CH3
H3C
Polyethylene n
Ethylene Repeat unit

CH3
CH3 n
Polypropylene CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Propylene

CH3
Ph n
Polystyrene Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph
Styrene

CH3
Cl n
Poly(vinyl chloride) Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
Vinyl Chloride
F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2
F2C CF2 C C C C C C CF3
F3C C C C C C C
F2 F2 F2 nF F2 F2
Tetrafluoroethylene Poly(tetrafluoroethylene): Teflon 2
 Polyesters, Amides, and Urethanes

Monomer Polymer
O O
H2 H2
HO2C CO2H OH HO O C C O H
HO
Poly(ethylene terephthalate n
Terephthalic Ethylene
acid glycol Ester

H2
OCN C NCO OH
HO
Ethylene Spandex
4,4-diisocyantophenylmethane
glycol
O O
H H2 H H2 H2
HO N C N O C C O H Urethane linkage
n
 O O O O
H
HO 4
OH H2N 4
NH2 HO N 4 N
4
Adipic Acid 1,6-Diaminohexane Nylon 6,6 H H n
Amide
O O
H H
HO2C CO2H H2N NH2 HO N N H
Kevlar n
Terephthalic 1,4-Diamino
acid benzene
 Natural Polymers
Monomer Polymer

Isoprene Polyisoprene:
Natural rubber n
H OH H OH
HO H HO
HO O
HO OH HO OH
H OH Poly(-D-glycoside): H OH
H H cellulose H H n

-D-glucose
O O O O
H H
H3N H3N N N OH
O Polyamino acid:
protein R1 Rn+1 n Rn+2
R
Amino Acid
O O
DNA
O P O Base O P O
O Base
O O O
oligonucleic acid
OH DNA
O
Nucleotide DNA
Base = C, G, T, A
 What Makes Polymers Unique?
Really big molecules (macromolecules) like polymers
have very different properties than small molecules

Chain entanglement: Long polymer chains get

entangled with each other.
When the polymer is melted, the chains can flow
past each other.
Below the melting point, the chains can move, but
only slowly. Thus the plastic is flexible, but cannot
be easily stretched.
Below the glass transition point, the chains become
 Physical Properties
Linear Polymer

Stretch

The chains can be stretched, which causes

them to flow past each other. When released,
the polymer will not return to its original form.

Cross-Linked Polymer

Stretch

Relax
The cross-links hold the chains together.
When released, the polymer will return to it's
original form.
 Types of copolymer

Homopolymer : -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-

Random copolymer : -A-B-B-A-B-A-A-B-

Alternating copolymer : -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-

Block copolymer : -A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-

Graft copolymer : -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-

B-B-B-B-B-
 Composition

homopolymer telechelic polymer

random copolymer alternating copolymer

block copolymer
graft copolymer
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 Architectures

linear polymer
branched polymer

polymer network

hyperbranched polymer

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