SPEAKER PROFILE

Dr.rer.nat Arifudin Idrus ST., MT

Education Background :

Undergraduate, Geological Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia,

01/1990 -

Master, Mining Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia,

01/1996 - 01/1998

Doctor, Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University,

Germany, 01/2001 - 01/2005
 Work Experience : Work Experience

Senior lecturer of undergradute (B.Sc.) and graduate (M.Sc. and Ph.D, 01/1998 - Present, Department of
Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

Senior lecturer at M.Sc, 01/2006 - Present, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Yogyakarta

Executive director of A3 Competitive Grant, 01/2007 - 01/2009, Department of Geological Engineering,

Gadjah Mada University awarded by Directorate of Higher Educat

Head of Professor R. Soeroso Notohadiprawiro Geological Field Station at Bayat, 01/2007 - Present,
Gadjah Mada University
Award :

Magna cum laude, RWTH Aachen University, 2005

Best graduate (cum laude) , Bandung Institute of Technology, 1998

Best student and best graduate (cum laude), Hasanuddin University, 1995

Best scientific paper , Hasanuddin University and eastern Indonesia, 1994

Participant in Scientific Activities :

Indonesian Strudents Scientific Meeting (ISSM), Indonesian Strudents Scientific Meeting (ISSM)
2004, 10/2004

Insititut Fur Mineralogie und Lagerstattenlehre, RWTH Aachen, The DMG-Ceonfrence , 09/2005

Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral dan ASIMM, ASEAN Mineral Information And
Database Meeting on Geo Resources Database Management System , 03/2006

Program Pascasarjana Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Training

"Minerall-Ore-Metal", 07/2006

AUN SEED-Net, The 8th Field Wise Seminar on Geological Engineering Fie

Etc.
Society Membership :

Indonesian Geologist Association (IAGI), National, 2000

Aachener Geowissenschaftler - Germany, International, 2000

Indonesian Mining Professionals Association , National, 2000

Indonesian Community of Economic Geology , National, 2000

 Characteristics & Genesis of
Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit

Arifudin IDRUS

Departement of Geological Engineering

Gadjah Mada University
Jl. Grafika 2 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
E-mail: arifidrus@ugm.ac.id

SEG UGM SC International Lecture 2017

Yogyakarta, 18 March 2016
 Outline
Introduction: Definition & Porphyry Types
Economic Importance
Distribution in Space & Time
Tectonic Setting
Host-Rock & Geochemistry
Geology of Porphyry Cu-Au deposit
Hydrothermal Alteration Styles
Vein/Veinlet System & Cu-Au Mineralization
Hydrothermal Mineralizing Fluids
Genetic & Conceptual Exploration Model
Closing Remarks
Acknowledgements
 Introduction: Definition

Porphyry: a medium to coarse-grained, intrusive, felsic,

igneous rock which is conspicuously porphyritic, containing
more than 25% phenocrysts by volume.

Phenocryst: large, often well-formed crystals set in the finer

groundmass of an igneous rock. Rocks containing
phenocrysts are called porphyritic.

Allaby & Allaby (2003)

9
 Porphyry Textures

% plagio grndmass paleodepth

locality phenos mm mm km
Refugio 50 1 0.01-0.04 0.5
AnnMason 33 3 0.02-0.05 1.0
Potrerillos 38-53 2-3.5 0.05-0.5 1.0-1.5
Yerington 45-50 2-3 0.05-0.3 2.0
Bingham 40 2.5 0.05 2.5
AnnMason 50 3 0.05-0.2 3
AnnMason 55 3 0.1-0.2 5
Grasberg 50 3 aphanitic -
Maggie 40-55 1.5-2.5 0.01-0.2 -
Refugio (Chile), Ann Mason (USA), Potrerillos (Chile), Maggie
(Canada)
 Definition

Porphyry copper (Cu-Au) occurs as large copper deposit

centered around stocks of intermediate to acid, porphyritic,
igneous rocks. Most occur in Mesozoic or Tertiary magmatic
arcs.
They show concentric zones of minerals. The deposits are also
characterized by extensive alteration halos. They consist of
disseminated chalcopyrite and other sulfides mined on a large
scale from an open pit.
The ore is low-grade (less than 1% Cu) but of great economic
importance. It was probably formed by a sudden release of
volatiles near the surface, with shattering of the enclosing
rocks.

11
 Definition: Basic elements

Stocks of intermediate to acid, porphyritic, igneous

rocks;
Formed by (sudden) release of volatiles;
Near the surface;
Shattering of the enclosing rocks;
Extensive alteration halos;
Disseminated chalcopyrite and other sulfides;
Low-grade ore (commonly < 1% Cu);
Large scale;
Mostly open pit minable.
12
 Porphyry Deposit Types

Porphyry Deposits grouped into ten classes

Based on dominant metal in the deposit
Au, Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Au, Cu-Mo-Au, Mo, W-Mo, Sn, Sn-Ag
and Ag

Classification can also be based on:

- Igneous rock types
- Metal ratios
 Porphyry Deposit Types

Two major porphyry models:

1.Quartz-monzonite
2.Diorite

Quartz-Monzonite model Pirajno (1992; 2009)

 Economic Importance

Economic Importance
Principal source of Cu, Mo and major source for Au
Attractive exploration targets (well studied)
other

Distinct Features
Characteristic igneous rock
Distinct hydrothermal alteration

Global copper production by deposit type

PCD porphyry copper deposits
IOCG Iron-Oxide Cu-Au

Slide: Antoro (2016)

 Economic Importance

Garwin (2000)

Gold endowment of Indonesia and the Philippines, as defined by combined past production
and existing resources, exceeds 8,300 metric tonnes (t).

The majority of gold in Indonesia and the Philippines occurs in porphyry, epithermal and
skarn deposits. Gold reserves at Grasberg constitute ~23% of the 8,300 t Au total.
 Economic Importance

Garwin (2000)

The grade-tonnage plot shows two major clusters of data:

1. Porphyry deposits, which are low-grade and high-tonnage
2. Low-and intermediate-sulfidation deposits, which are medium- to high-grade and
low- to medium-tonnage.
Both deposit styles include deposits that contain > 100 t Au.
 Economic Importance

Gold Resources & Reserves of Indonesia vs Deposit Type

167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Sediment Hosted
Mesothermal 3.08 moz
2.87 moz Alluvial Deposit Type
VMS 1.18 moz Porphyry
Porphyry
0.97 moz Skarn
LS Epithermal 71.3 moz
31.07 moz HS Epithermal
LS Epithermal
HS
Epithermal VMS
9.41 moz Mesothermal
Sediment Hosted
Alluvial

Skarn
47.78 moz Prihatmoko (2014)
 Distribution in Space & Time

Sinclair (2005)
Porphyry deposit occur:
mainly on active orogenetic belts at the continental margins.
But also in ancient continental settings (Oyu Tolgoi Mongolia, Kazakhstan,
Oral, Balkan, Australia).
Slide: Antoro (2016)
 Distribution in Space & Time

Edited from Sinclair (2005)

Most porphyry deposits DISCOVERED are from Jurassic age and younger: 200-5Ma

Geological older formed mineral anomalies are harder to

classify in present day deposit types, due to its long-lived
geological history like:
-metamorphic history
-structural/faulted break-up history
Grasberg
-recognizing the setting
~3Ma

Slide: Antoro (2016)

 Distribution in Space & Time
Garwin (2000)

Three major episodes of gold deposit formation: Early Miocene, Middle to Late Miocene
and Plio-Pliestocene. These epochs may reflect plate tectonic collisions and reorganization,
with the youngest episode related to collisions in Taiwan (5 Ma) and the Banda arc (4 to 3
Ma).
Copper deposits indicate a similar relationship between copper content and time of deposit
formation to that shown by gold deposits, which reflects the close spatial and temporal
relationships between copper and gold.
 Distribution in Space & Time
Porphyry-Epithermal-Orogenic Type

Goldfarb (2010)
Tectonic Setting

Goldfarb (2010)
Tectonic Setting
 Sub-volcanic System
Porphyry Intrusions and related Cu-Au deposit types simple Pacific rim setting
Distal to porphyry Proximal to porphyry

Alunite
Pyrophyllite
Baryte
Adularia Anhydrite
Sericite Kaolinite
Illite Vuggy quartz
Smectite
Banded quartz

Corbet and Leach (1998)

Simplified Corbet and Leach Cu-Au-Porphyry deposit model (2004).
Corbet and Leach tried to summaries the Pacific Rim Cu & Au occurrences in a simple understandable model.

In this picture we see the relationship between intrusions and porphyry deposits, skarn deposits and low and high sulfidation deposits.
Other settings for deposits types like jasperoids, carbonate base metal Au and sediment hosted replacement Au are also shown.
 Host-rock & Geochemistry

Porphyry Gold Au - commonly

Dioritic

Porphyry Copper Cu range from

Tonalitic-granodioritic: Cu (Au-Mo)
Quartz monzodioritic-granitic: Cu (Mo)
Monzonitic: Cu (Mo-Au)
Syenitic: Cu (Au)

Porphyry Molybdenum Mo range from

Monzonitic: Mo (Au)
Quartz monzonite granitic: Mo-Cu
Syenitic: Mo
Granitic: Mo
Trondjemitic: Mo
Rhyolitic: Mo

Porphyry Tungsten W mainly

Rhyolitic: W-Mo Primitive magma less silica, higher alkaline more Au
Mature magma more silica, lower alkaline more Mo
Porphyry Tin Sn mainly
Rhyodacitic: Sn Antoro (2016)

26
 Biotite Chemistry
MgO
Primary Biotite

0.8 mm
Hydrothermal Biotite
Dunnage

A C
BATU HIJAU

Humber-Dunnage
P
Meguma

FeOtot Al2O3 0.04 mm

Biotite Discriminant Diagram (after Abdel-Rahman, 1994)

The Batu Hijau tonalite porphyries plotted in calc-alkaline I-type field.

Notes:
Granites from the Canadian Appalachians (Humber-Dunnage, Dunnage and Meguma; Shabani et al., 2003) are also
shown for comparative purposes. Field symbols: A = alkaline, C = calc-alkaline and P = peraluminous granite fields.

Idrus (2006)
 Host-rock & Geochemistry

Magma composition and petrogenesis are the

fundamental control on the metal contents of
porphyry deposits.

Porphyry Cu, porphyry Cu-Mo, porphyry Cu-Au

and porphyry Au tend to be low-silica, relatively
primitive dioritic to granodioritic plutons.

Porphyry deposits of Mo, W-Mo, W and Sn

typically are associated with high-silica, strongly
differentiated granitic plutons.

Oxidation state reflected by magnetite, ilmenite,

hematite ratios influences the metal contents.

For example: porphyry deposits of Cu, Cu-Mo,

Cu-Au, Au, Mo and W are generally associated
with more oxidized, magnetite-series plutons.

In contrast to porphyry Sn deposits, which are

Slide: Antoro (2016) typically related to reduced, ilmenite-series
plutons.

28
 Randu Kuning Geology

Geological Map of Selogiri area and its vicinity (Geological mapping 2012; Sutarto (2016)
modified from Suasta and Sinugroho, 2011 and Hartono, 2010)
Grasberg Geology
& Alteration

Antoro (2013)
 Batu Hijau Geology
PT. NNT (2002)

Geology Plan map & Slide

 Batu Hijau Geology
Tonalites Intrusions
 Batu Hijau Geology
Intermediate Tonalite (It) cut by Young Tonalite (Yt)
SBD014, 522.2M

Ty Ti
0.22 % Cu
0.60% Cu
0.71 g Au/t
0.95 g Au/t

A family qz vn
truncation

A family qz vn
 Temperature (C)
200 400 600 800 1000
0

Late
Batu Hijau Geology
Ser-Pg (argillic)
NaCl +
2
Early distal
VAPOUR
1 Geothermobarometer
Chl-Ep (outer propylitic) 0.1
Mean pressure for the crystallisation of the Batu Hijau tonalite
Depth in km (hydrostatic pressure)

4
porphyry is about 1.5 0.3 kbar.
Early central

Depth in km (lithostatic pressure)

Bt (potassic)
0.5 0.5 2
10 If the pressure is assumed to be lithostatic, then the depth of
emplacement can be estimated.
Pressure (kbars)

6 LIQUID+ 80
VAPOUR
Hornblende and plagioclase phenocrysts are inferred to be
Phase separation point
(at 600 bars, ~2.2 km)
3

70
8
crystallised at depths of about 5.5 km with, assuming 1 kbar =
LIQUID 3.6 km (density = 2.8 g/cm3).

2.0
20 Young tonalite sample was taken from drill core at depth of
1.0 4
5.0 about 1 km below current mine surface. The crystallisation
depth (~5.5 km) may represent the lower level of the tonalite
60
intrusions.
Plastic
Brittle

50

5
Inferred final emplacement depths for the upper portion of the
40

Critical young tonalite are 2 0.5 km below the paleosurface at ~3.74

5.0
curve
30
0.14 Ma (SHRIMP 206Pb/238U apatite; Garwin, 2000, 2002). The
1.5 Exsolved 6
magmatic estimated uplift rate for the Batu Hijau area since the time of 3.7
fluid
Ma is about 1.2 mm/yr.

Hbl-Pl Geothermometer (Holland and Blundy, 1994)

XFe+2
XFe+3
0.20
0.44
0.21
0.43
0.18
0.49
0.20
0.39
0.20
0.38
0.18
0.47
0.19
0.38
0.18
0.47
0.18
0.48
0.18
0.47
0.16
0.53
0.18
0.50
0.17
0.47
0.17
0.44
Hbl
XAb 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.61 0.56 0.56 0.61 0.57 0.59
T1 (C) 782 780 780 731 722 765 735 778 772 776 796 780 750 743
T2 (C) 803 806 794 757 760 779 761 799 785 791 811 783 768 755
Pl
Al-in-hornblende geobarometer (Anderson and Smith, 1995)
Analysis no. 176-01a 176-01b 176-01c 176-01d 176-01e 176-01g 176-01h 176-02a 176-02b 176-02c 176-02d 176-02f 176-04c 176-04d

T1 782 780 780 731 722 765 735 778 772 776 796 780 750 743
P1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.8 1.5 1.8
Idrus (2006)
 Alteration term in porphyry
Creasey (1959, Lowell and Guilbert Rose (1970) Meyer and Hemley (1967)
1966) (1970)
K-silicate Potassic Orthoclase-Sericite- K-silicate
K-feldspar K-feldspar Quartz K-feldspar
Biotite Biotite Orthoclase-Biotite- Biotite
muscovite Sericite Quartz Muscovite
Chlorite Orthoclase-Sericite- Anhydrite
Quartz Biotite-Quartz
(Sericite-Quartz- Phyllic Sericite-Quartz Sericitic
Pyrite Quartz Sericite
Sericite Quartz
Pyrite Pyrite
Hydromica Chlorite
Chlorite
Argillic Argillic Sericite-Kaolinite- Argillic
Kaolinite Kaolinite Quartz 1)Advanced kaolinite/dickite
Muscovite Montmorillonite pyrophyllite
Chlorite 2)Intermediate Kaolinite group
montmorillonite chlorite
Propylitic Prophylitic Propylitic Propylitic
Muscovite Chlorite Epidote Epidote
(sericite) Epidote Albite Albite
Epidote Calcite Chlorite
Chlorite Chlorite Septachlorite
carbonate Carbonate
 Alteration Pattern
Stratovolcano (not always).
Multiple intrusions.
Zoned alteration pattern.
Ore zone at phyllic/potassic contact.

Alteration zonation after Lowell and Guilbert (1970)

from Evans (1993) after Sillitoe (1973)
Slide: Antoro (2016)
Hydrothermal Alteration

Slide: Antoro (2016)

37
 Alteration

Randu Kuning Alteration

(Sutarto, 2016)
 Hydrothermal Alteration

486200E
485600E
485000E Chl-Ep
9010200N 9010200N

Act
Undiff. argillic

SIMPLIFIED BATU HIJAU

Ser-Pg
9009600N
Chl-Ser 9009600N
ALTERATION ZONE

Se
Undiff. argillic

r- P
g
Early :
Prl-And
Ill-Ser Bt zone (potassic)
DISTAL CHLORITE- EPIDOTE
PROXIMAL
ACTINOLITE

CHLORITE-SERICITE

ILLITIC

CENTRAL BIOTITE

345 El v
CHLORITE- EPIDOTE

CHLORITE-SERICITE

PROXIMAL
ACTINOLITE
TEXTURE DESTROYED

( Undiff )
Act zone (inner propylitic)
9009000N
Bt 9009000N
Chl-Ep zone (outer propylitic)
Prl-And Transitional :
Chl-Ser zone (phyllic)
Late :
Chl-Ser Prl-And zone (advanced argillic)
Act Ser-Pg zone (argillic)
9008400N 9008400N
Very late :
Ill-Ser zone with Qtz+base
Chl-Ep N metal veins/veinlets
485000E

486200E
485600E

0 100 200 m

Idrus (2006)
Batu Hijau: Potassic (biotite) Hydrothermal Alteration

0.04
mm

Ea st o n it e S id ero ph y llit e
3

Biotite type: phlogopite

Fe/(Fe+Mg) : 0.2 0.4
AlIV

Low XMg average : 0.71 (typical

porphyry Cu deposit XMg = 0.82)
Note: XMg = Mg/(Mg+Fe).
2
0 1
0.04 Phlo g o pit e A n nit e
Fe/(Fe+M g )
mm Idrus (2006)
 Hydrothermal Alteration
Alteration Mineralogy
Propylitic
Qtz, ab plag, chl, ep, carb, trem, act
Argillic
Hydrolisis grade

Qtz, kao, chl, less mont (clay minerals)

Advanced Argillic
Qtz, alunite, jerosite, phyrophyllite,
Filic
Qtz, ser, chl along with py
Potassic
Qtz, K-feld, bio, interm plag (ol-and) & anh
 Isocon gradient 0.98 Cu
Isocon gradient 0.98
M (%) -2.04 9.57
MV (%)
(%)-5.64
-2.049.57
Alteration Geochemistry
A
5.07
Au on
V (%) -5.645.07 iso
c
Early biotite (potassic)

K2 O Elemental Mass Balance

Concentration, Volume and

mass changes

Idrus (2006)
Andesitic volcaniclastic rock
B

Formula (Grant, 1986):

Concentration change (C)

K2O Cu Au
C = (1/S)*((Ca/C)-1)
V = (1/S)*((a/)-1)*100
M = ((1/S)-1)*100
Note:
S = isocon gradient
Ca/C = elemental cont. ratio
a/ = specific density ratio
Oxides/elements
42
Batu Hijau Alteration Geochemistry
2000
Least altered
Bt zone
Hbl Act-(Chl-Ep) zone
Chl-Ser zone
Prl-And zone
Ser-Pg zone
Minerals
1500
R2 (6Ca+2Mg+Al)

Pl (core)
Least-altered

1000 Chl Proximal Act and

Distal Chl-Ep zones
Pg

Bt Ser Prl
500 Late Prl-And and
Central Bt and Ser-Pg zones
transitional
Chl-Ser zones

Qtz
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
R1 (4Si-11[Na+K]-2[Fe+Ti])
(R1-R2 diagram after De La Roche et al., 1980) Idrus (2006)
 Vein/veinlet System
Batu Hijau vein/veinlet system (Idrus, 2005)

Veins/veinlets Mineral assemblages Width (cm) Contact Internal banding Centre line Texture Selvage minerals

Am Mag+Qtz < 0.2 I N N Gr Pl

Ab Bt+Qtz+Mag < 0.5 I N N Gr Bt

A Qtz+Bn(Dg)+Pl+Mag ~1 I-R Wk N Gr Bt+Pl

AB Qtz+Bn+Ccp+Pl+Mag <2 I-R Y N Dr Pl

B Qtz+Ccp+Bn+Bt+Mag <2 R Y Y Dr Pl+Chl (after Bt)

C Ccp+Qtz+Bn+Ccp < 0.5 R N N Dr Chl+Ser+Ab+Cal

D Py+Qtz+Ccp+Bn+Mo <2 R N Y Dr Ser+Qtz+Py+Smc

Latest Qtz+Py+Sp+Gn+Tnt+Ccp < 10 R Y N? Dr Ser+Sulph.Smc+Qtz

Am and Ab are the earliest veinlet types associated with the central biotite (potassic) alteration zone.
Most of the copper and gold are contained in the A, AB and B veins/veinlets and associated with
early alteration stage.
Abbreviations: I = irregular, R = regular, I-R = irregular-regular, Y = yes, N = no, Wk = weak, Gr = granular
and Dr = drusy
Vein-type nomenclatures follow Gustafson & Hunt (1975),
Mitchell et al. (1998), Clode et al. (1999) & Garwin (2000)
 Vein/veinlet System
a

Stockwork
a) Collahuasi/Chile
b) Grasberg/Irian Jaya
 Vein/veinlet System
Potassic-altered Intermediate Tonalite
Batu Hijau, Sumbawa Island

2 cm
Idrus (2006)
 Vein/veinlet System
Batu Hijau, Sumbawa Island

JA 5 (Bench 330)

B vein

C veinlet

1.5 cm

Arif and Baker (2002)

 Vein/veinlet System

(Sutarto, 2016)
a). Magnetite-quartz vein stockwork was cut by quartz-sulphide veins
b). Magnetite cut and replaced by pyrite.
c). Intergrowth bornite and chalcopyrite within quartz-magnetite vein. Bornite replaced by chalcocite
Cu-Au Mineralisation Pattern

Slide: Antoro (2016)

Cu-Au Mineralization Pattern
 Cu-Au Behaviours
Qtz
Gold Deportment (Arif, 2002)

Au

Wall Rock A vein

21% 25%

Matrix
12%

C vein
3%
AB vein
27%
B vein Gold distribution within hand
12%
specimen samples (235 grains)
 Cu-Au Behaviours

Gold

Dg
Bn

7.5 m

Bn

Bn Idrus (2006)
Ccp

Ccp

0.1 mm
 Within Bn-Dg
6% Gold & Sulfide Association
Free-Qtz
Within Bn
25%
18%

400 mRL

200 mRL
Boundary Cp
3% Within 0 mRL
Bn-Cp 3%
Pit Year 2015
-200 mRL

Boundary -400 mRL

0 250
Bn-Cp 3% Meters
Within Cp
Boundary Bn 17% Au > 1.0 g/t 0.2 < Au < 0.5 g/t
13% 0.5 < Au < 1.0 g/t Weathered Zone
Boundary
Bn-Dg 5%

Gold behaviours as: 10000

3200 Experiment results at 600 Celcius

1. Free gold 1000

(Simon et al., 2000)

270

2. Inclusion in sulphides 100 110

Experiment results at 500 Celcius
(Simon et al., 2000)
Gold (ppm)

3. Incorporated in sulphide
25
Experiment results at 400 Celcius
10 9 (Simon et al., 2000)
4.24
crystal structure (invisible 1 0.97
2.72 2.5

SIMS results (Kesler et al., 2002)

gold) 0.43

0.1 0.11
0.08
LA-ICP-MS results (this study)

Arif (2002) 0.01

Bornite - Digenite Bornite Chalcopyrite
+/- Chalcocite
 Metals partitioning into FI (fluids)
Mineralizing Fluid
Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry
~510 C; 45 wt.% NaCl eq.

PIXE analysis (CSIRO):

Cu is 0.15 wt% and 2.5
wt% in fluid inclusion
(L+V) from Batu Hijau
(Ryan et al., 2001)

PIXE = Proton Induced X-ray Emission

Sutarto (2016) & Idrus (2006)
 CAUSATIVE TONALITE INTRUSIONS: ORE FLUID EVOLUTION: Microthermometry
Mag-Ilm Thermobarometry Temperature (C)
T = 760C; P = 1.5 kbars 200 400 600 800 1000
0
Paleodepth = 5.5 km (lower part)
Late
Ser-Pg NaCl +
2 zone
M
VAPOUR 1
Early distal 0.1
-10 HE AG Chl-Ep zone
M
SO S
2
4

Depth in km (lithostatic pressure)

MA H2

Depth in km (hydrostatic pressure)

G+
PY
S 0.5 Early central 0 .5 2
fO2 pattern Bt zone 10
6 LIQUID+ 80

Pressure (kbars)
-15 VAPOUR
Phase separation 3

70
Log fO2

8 600 bars; 2.2 km

2.0
LIQUID
20
1.0 4
Q
FM

-20

5.0
PY PO+S

60
O

Plastic
Brittle
NN

50
5

40
Critical

5.0
T = 760-540C curve 30
log fO2 = -12 to -20
-25 1.5 Bt : 510C, 400 bars Exsolved 6
Chl-Ep: 250C, 125 bars magmatic
400 500 600 700 800 900 Ser-Pg: 225C, 100 bars fluid
T (C)
(after Hedenquist, 1998)
 Gold transport
Four main gold species: AuCl2-, AuHS, Au(HS)2- and AuOH.
Gold mainly dissolves as AuCl2- at high temperature (Porphyry), whereas
Au(HS)2 predominates below 450C (Epithermal).
The neutral complexes AuOHo and AuHSo are less important at all
temperatures.
-3 -4
Boiled A Boiled B
brine vapour

AuCl2 dominant
-

dominant
Au(HS)2 AuCl2
- l

AuOH
-4 u C
dominant dominant A Au(HS)2
10 ppm Au -5 dominant
Au solubility (log molal)

-
1 ppm Au

-5
1 ppm Au
-6
X Au X -

0.1 ppm Au (H
S) Cl 2
-6 Y - Au
Au(HS -
AuHS 2
)
2
Y 0.1 ppm Au
AuOH
Au O H -7
-7 0.01 ppm Au
Au
HS

-8 -8
300 350 400 450 500 300 350 400 450 500
T (C) T (C)
Gammons and Williams-Jones (1997)
 Gold deposition

Gammons and Williams-Jones (1997)

Epithermal:
Au(HS)2- + 2H+ + e- = Au(s) + 2H2S
Porphyry:
Au(s) + Cl- + HCl(aq) + 1/4O2 (g) = AuCl2- + 1/2H2O(l)
 Very Simplified Porphyry Genetic Model
Paleosurface
0 AA/Argillic
Andesitic Low
volcaniclasitic Chl-Ser
grade
mi
rocks Pr e- ne to phy
1 Medium p ogr a
grade

Chl-Ep Act
Act
DEPTH (km)

2 Highest grade Chl-Ep

Equigranular (~0.5% Cu)
quartz diorite
3 Bt (potassic)

Young tonalite
5 (Cu-Au depleted)
5.5 km Intermediate tonalite
(high Cu-Au)
6 2 MAGMA 2 km Idrus (2006)
1 1
 Linkage to Intrusive Centre
FSE Lepanto

Slide: Adi Maryono (2013) Arribas et al., 1995

 Linkage to Intrusive Centre
FSE Lepanto

Slide: Adi Maryono (2013) Hedenquist et al., 2000

 Exploration
How to Deal with Lithocaps
Tujuh Bukit-A Telescoping Au-Cu System Maryono (2013)
How to Deal with Lithocaps Exploration
Tujuh Bukit-A Telescoping Au-Cu System Maryono (2013)

47m@1.71 g/t Au; 1.29% Cu

 Exploration
How to Deal with Lithocaps
Tujuh Bukit-A Telescoping Au-Cu System
Maryono (2013)

GTD-08-35/740m
 Exploration
A Conceptual Exploration Model
A Telescoping Au-Cu System B
Au-Cu-As Underlying Supergene
Anomalous Zone Cu enrichment
PB-ZnAu-Ag-As-Cu
+ Sericite alteration
Anomalous Zone

Hematitic
Underlying Supergene leached cap
enrichment
Quartz veins
with narrow sericite-
Cu-Au-MoAg-As
+ kaolinite selvedges
Diatreme
Anomalous Zone
+ breccia
+ * +
+ * + Window of
* advanced argillic
+ alteration
Cu-Mo
Anomalous Zone

Porphyry Cu-Au system

Multiphase (biotite alteration)
Tonalite Pyrite-enargite-tenantite veins
Dyke Complex associated with vuggy silica centers
advanced argillic N
alteration
W E

A Quartz veins
S

stockwork with 0 2 Km
sericitic selvedges

Maryono (2013)
 Exploration
A Conceptual Exploration Model
A Telescoping Au-Cu System
1000 A
(Maryono, 2013) B
Quartz vein Stockwork
sericite selvages
Dacite
Advanced argillic Silica-pyrophyllitic ledges V pyroclastics
500 leached cap vuggy silica centers Diatreme breccia V
V
V
V
V V V V

Advanced argillic V
V V
V
V V V V V

Quartz vein Sericite alteration

* *
Silicification
Supergene Cu
enrichment *
-500 * Sub volcanic Basement

Late Tonalite Intrusion

X
Chl-sericite-mg
alteration
*
X

Bornite Dominant

Tonalite Intrusion
X

Intra Mineral
X
X X

-1000 Biotite alteration Chalcopyrite Dominant

X
Andesitic-dioritic X
dyke X ? ?
X X

X
Pyrite Dominant
-1500
X
X
? *
X ?
X X
X X
Equigranular Diorite stocks
Multiphase Tonalite
* Low grade core 0M 1000 M
X
X Dyke Complex
-2000 X

Zn-Pb-Au-Ag- Cu-Au-MoAg-As Zn-Pb-Au-Ag-

AsCu Anomalies AsCu
 Closing Remarks

Porphyry copper-gold deposit is one of the

most complex hydrothermal ore deposits.
Porphyry Cu-Au is the biggest supplier for
copper and gold in SE Asian particularly in
Indonesia
A careful study on diagnostic characteristics of
the porphyry Cu-Au system will contribute for
a better understanding the genetic and
exploration model of the deposit.

66
 Thank You

Once upon a day on the Southern Mountain...