Building Integration of Solar

Energy
LIM HAO ZHENG 0327115

SHUM WEN JUN 0325151

SAHIL GUNESH 0328569

NG KAI CHUN 1101G13410

SOW WEI HENN 0324998

HENG YI CHENG 0327895

 Introduction

Solar energy- is a form of energy which produce by

sun rays.
Two types of solar energy
1. Photovoltaics
2. Thermal
Photovoltaics- uses sun rays direct invert into
electricity.
Thermal- uses heat from sunrays and used it directly.
Solar Technology Covering

Domestic hot water system can be

provided by using the solar thermal
system.
Heating can be provided by
passive(direct) solar through building
from windows and doors. It can also be
produced indirectly from solar thermal
system.
Electricity for household items are
provided by the solar technology of
photovoltaics.
Light can be provided by the
passive(direct) sunlight using windows
and electric lighting also can be
provided by electricity from
photovoltaics technology.
At night, ventilations are available
through the windows (passive night
ventilations) for free cooling.
Why we need solar energy?

It is a clean resources that provides pure energy

According to this picture, you can see that the primary energy resources used.
Fossil fuels have been a primary energy for recent years,we need to replace it by other
energy source
Solar energy is a promising choice to replace it
 Photovoltaics

Absorbs sun rays and directly

convert into electricity using
solar panels.
Ground mounted or install on
the roof and walls which
called as a BIPV(Building
Integrated Photovoltaics)
Three types of photovoltaics
panels.
1. Cells
2. Module
3. Array
Installation process
1) Engineering site visit
- make sure their energy system is compatible with the
electrical status of the home
- to find out how much sun the panels are likely to able to
capture using a tool called Solar.Pathfinder

2) Installation of inverter
- Invert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC)
- Lifespan is only 10 years
3) Installation of solar panel
-should be located in areas free of shade caused
by adjacent building, trees, or air-conditional
equipment.

4) Approval and interconnection

- a town government representative will need to inspect your system and give approval.
- double-check the installers work, electrical wiring was done correctly or not, the mounting is
safe and sturdy and overall instalment meets the standards of their policy
Management system - Intelligent energy
distribution system
- is used to determine how effectively the power generated from
renewable sources are distributed.
- able to monitor your energy usage and able to reduce both energy
wastage and money on energy bills

1st priority 2nd priority 3rd priority

device device device
Advantages of solar energy
1. Renewable source of energy
As long as the sun is present, humans will be able to harness energy
from the sun and according to scientists, the sun has a life span of at
least 5 billion years.
2. Reduces electricity bills
The sun doesnt belong to any government, so the energy produced
from it is free. So each month, users will save in terms of electricity.
Excess energy produced can also be sold to make money.
3. Applications
It generates electricity and heat water. Also, it can be used to refine
water in regions with limited clean water supplies.
4. Low maintenance costs
The only real need is to keep them clean, so cleaning them several
times a year should be enough and a system check can be performed
yearly, just to make sure that everything is working as it should
Disadvantages of solar energy

1. Initial cost
Although it will save you money on the long run, its initial cost is fairly
high(payment for solar panels, inverter, batteries, wiring, installation).
Also, the time taken to break even with your investment is around 10
to 15 years long.
2. Climate and region dependent
As solar energy is dependent on sunlight, and all regions on earth dont
receive the same amount of sunlight.
3. Materials used to make solar panels can cause pollution(cadmium, lead)
The real problem will arise if there is any leakage in the panels as
cadmium is among the top 6 deadliest and most toxic materials known.
As for lead, it is also a very dangerous and it can seriously damage the
nervous system and brains of unborn children.
 Case study of solar photovoltaic power system at
Sagardeep Island, India
Has area of 224.3km2.
Has 43 villages and a population of
over 160,000.
The application of renewable energy
in electric power system is growing
fast.
Photovoltaic and wind energy sources
are being increasingly recognized as
cost-effective generation sources for
remote rural area isolated power
system.
Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is installed
and performance is analyzed
thorough the process.
 43.5% of Indian rural households
have access to electricity.
Villages in remote areas are not
connected by the electric lines.
Impossible to lay the line in isolated
areas.
There are about 94,000 un-
electrified villages where extension
of existing electricity grid is not
economically viable.
Capital cost- Conventional power
system (oil, gas and coal) cost 4
times lower than photovoltaic
system ($4000/kW).
 However, operating cost of
conventional plants is unacceptably
high due to escalating fossil fuel
costs.
Fuel savings can be achieved by
installing solar panels.
Photovoltaic(PV) is used in remote
areas where it is uneconomical to
extend the electric grid.
market for PV is also expanding
rapidly due to reduced
manufacturing cost of PV systems
during the last decade.
Wind turbine generator (WTG) is
operated by using wind and solar
energy in remote areas to decrease
diesel consumption.
 Editor-in-Chief: Lawrence Kazmerski
Article title: A case study of solar
photovoltaic power system at Sagardeep
Island, India
Journal title: Renewable and Sustainable
Evergy Reviews
Authors: Ravindra M. Moharil & Prakash S.
Kulkarni
DOI information:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.11.01
6
Volume 13, Issue 3, April 2009, Pages 673-
681
 28 kWp-installed capacity plant
contributes electricity to
households within 4.5-5km
radius where each plant
averagely has 100 consumers.
Managed by rural cooperatives.
Revenue collection method is
through the account of the
cooperative society in the Rural
Development Bank.
Around 2500 families are now
enjoying electricity from SPV.
Impact of installing Photovoltaic

Students are able to continue to

study at night.
Shopkeepers, cultivators are able
to continue to work at night.
The people to avail themselves of
the entertainment facilities.
Women are able to do household
work.
Allow streetlights at night, safer
island!
Two hospitals on the island now
have a 24-h supply of energy.
Possible problems to the system
 1. Panel
cracking

Cracks will reduce module energy output

and efficiency
Can be caused from a variety of sources
for example: Physical impacts, oscillation
from wind, or manufacturing issues
How to solve it: Panels should be
inspected on purchase because there
could be micro cracks created during the
manufacturing or shipping process that
will grow into larger cracks over time
 2. Panel
discoloration

It decrease the amount of sunlight that

penetrate a solar cell.
Some examples that cause discoloration
are poor encapsulated quality, high
temperatures, humidity, and if a PV
system is located near an ocean.
How to solve: Higher quality panels will
become discolored less easily.
 3.Soiling

May block the light from sun,

generate less energy
Occur in dusty environment
How to solve: Hire an expert
solar cleaning organization.
Possible problems to the panel
1.Storm
2. Theft
3. Rodent bites
4. Overvoltage
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY
1. Solar Water Purifier

- Developing a new solar device that can purify water

when exposing to sunlights .
- It needs to utilize UV rays as well as the exposure of
sunlight .
- It is able to access visible sunlights and manages to
produce drinking water within just few minutes .

2. Nano Solar Technology

- The development of nano-material is in progressing

,which could acts as a thermal emitter in order to
increase the efficiency of solar energy .
- It is based on Thermophotovoltaic principals .
- There are 2types of emitter which are the tungsten
based absorber which heats up when exposing to
light and the emitter component takes the heat
energy and uses it to produce output infrared light .
3. Solar Tracking Mounts

- Can be considered in order to maximize the efficiency of

electricity production .
- More advanced compared to mounting PV panels .
- Trackers generally generate more electricity due to higher
rate of the direct expose of sunlight . (10-25%)

4. Solar Thermal Fuel (STF)

- It acts as an alternative storage for solar .

- It is able to utilize sunlight energy ,store it as a charge and
release it when prompted .
- Solar thermal energy generally converts solar energy to
heat and could use that energy to generate power for
several hours even the sun has gone down .