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Ferric oxide is reduced to the familiar black, protective magnetite film and
cupric oxide is reduce to red cuprous oxide. These reactions passivate or
protect the metal surfaces in the boiler and hydrazine is used as a
passivating agent as well as an oxygen scavenger.
Hydrazine decomposes in the boiler water at 400-600F (250-1500psia)
3N2H4 = 4NH3 + N2
Feed rates of about 5 times stoichiometric are required for good oxygen
scavenging. For every 1 mg/l of oxygen feed about 5 mg/l of hydrazine.
The excess will break down to ammonia in the boiler and may cause
problems in copper condensate systems unless they are air free.
Foaming is nothing but the formation of foam. Bubbles of water
will enter the surface of water inside the boilers and results in
the formation of foam. Foam comes out of the boiler along with
the steam. Hence the steam becomes wet and the heat content
of the steam is reduced considerably. This type of wet steam
spoils the machine parts where it is used. The main cause for
foaming is the presence of dissolved salts in water. Hence soft
water should be used in boilers to avoid foaming.
Circulating Cooling
Deaerator Water Water
Sl. Testing limit
No. Component
Sl. Testing limit
No Component 1 pH
2. This means that the makeup is 30 percent of the feedwater. The condensate
return percent is calculated:
%R = 100 - %M = 100 - 30 = 70%
3. The quantity of makeup is calculated:
M = %M 100 x F=30 100 x 42,105 = 12,632 lb/hr
4. The condensate return quantity is calculated:
R = F - M = 42,105 - 12,632 = 29,473 lb/hr
c. The difference between steam produced and the condensate returned
represents both steam and condensate losses in the system. These losses may
include steam leaks, consumption of steam by the process equipment and
condensate leaks. The total losses can be calculated as follows:
L=E-R
where: L = total steam and condensate losses, lb/hr
E = steam generated, lb/hr & R = condensate return, lb/hr
Example 3-3:
1. The steam losses for the boiler described in examples 3-1 and 3-2 can be
calculated:
L = E - R = 40,000 - 29,473 = 10,527 lb/hr
Determining chemical treatment required. Chemical treatment programs
involve selecting the type of chemical to be used and establishing a treatment
level. Blowdown calculations can be used to determine the amount of chemical
that needs to be added to meet the treatment objectives.
Example 3-4:
1. The boiler in examples 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 is to be operated with a phosphate
level of 60 ppm (as PO4) in the boiler water. The blowdown has been determined
to be 2,105 pounds per hour. The required phosphate addition of a daily basis
must equal the phosphate that is discharged with the blowdown plus that used up
in precipitating calcium phosphate. Phosphates required to replace that lost
in blowdown is calculated as follows:
Phosphate Loss = B x Level
(2,105 lb/hr) x (24 hr/day) x (60 ppm)
=
1,000,000
= 3.03 lb/day phosphate
2. The treatment chemical selected is sodium hexametaphosphate which contains
90.5 percent phosphate. This means there is 0.905 pounds phosphate
per pound chemical:
Chemical Required = Phosphate loss 0.095
= 3.03 0.905 = 3.35 lb/day
Alkalinity relationships:
a. Sources of alkalinity. The three basic sources of alkalinity in water are:
alkalinity resulting from the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), the carbonate ion (CO3=),
and the hydroxyl ion (OH-). The amount of each of these in water can be
determined by titrating with an acid to certain pH levels (end points) using
phenolphthalein (P alkalinity) and a methyl orange (M alkalinity) end points.