Group 2 B1

Cabahug, Cabutotan, Cupay, Dagunot,

Dalman, Dalugdog
 DESCRIPTION
A CEMENT is a binder, a substance used in construction that

sets and hardens and can bind other materials together.

is used as a component in the production of mortar in

masonry, and of concrete, which is a combination

of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building

material.
 DESCRIPTION
Characterized as:

Non-hydraulic cement
- do not harden underwater.
- should be kept dry to attain strength.
Hydraulic cement (e.g., Portland cement)
-harden because of hydration, a chemical reaction between
the anhydrous cement powder and water.
-widely used in construction industry as a binder.
 DESCRIPTION
Roman, opus caementicium

- a material used in construction during the late Roman Republic.

Modernly, Portland Cement

- most common type of cement in general use around the

world.

- developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in

the mid 19th century.

- cause chemical burns.

 DESCRIPTION
Common raw rock types used in cement production:

1. Limestone (supplies the bulk of the lime).

2. Clay, marl or shale (supplies the bulk of the silica, alumina and ferric oxide).

3. Other supplementary materials such as sand, fly ash/pulverized fuel ash

(PFA), or ironstone to achieve the desired bulk composition.

CALCINATION A process where in the Cement is made by heating limestone

(calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay) to 1450 C in a kiln.

 8 MAIN CEMENT INGREDIENTS
Ingredient Percentage in cement
Lime 60-65
Silica 17-25
Alumina 3-8
Magnesia 1-3
Iron oxide 0.5-6
Calcium Sulfate 0.1-0.5
Sulfur Trioxide 1-3
Alkaline 0-1
 CEMENT INGREDIENTS
1. Lime - is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.

Presence of lime in a sufficient quantity is required to form silicates and

aluminates of calcium.

Deficiency in lime reduces the strength of cement.

Excess lime make cement unsound.

Excessive presence of lime cause cement to expand and disintegrate.

 CEMENT INGREDIENTS
2. Silica: Silicon dioxide
Sufficient quantity of silica should be present in cement to dicalcium and tricalcium
silicate.

Silica imparts strength to cement.

Silica usually present to the extent of about 30 percent cement.

3. Alumina: Alumina is Aluminium oxide.

Alumina imparts quick setting property to the cement.
Excess alumina weaken the cement.
 CEMENT INGREDIENTS
4. Magnesia: Magnesium Oxide.
Magnesia should not be present more than 2% in cement.
Excess magnesia will reduce the strength of the cement.

5. Iron oxide:
Iron oxide imparts color to cement.
It acts as a flux.
At a very high temperature it imparts into chemical reaction with calcium
and aluminum to form tricalcium aluminoferrite.
Tricalcium aluminoferrite imparts Hardness and strength to cement.
 CEMENT INGREDIENTS
6. Calcium Sulfate:
.
This is present in cement in the form of gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O)
It slows down or retards the setting action of cement.

7. Sulfur Trioxide:
.
Should not be present more than 2%.
Excess Sulfur Trioxide causes cement to unsound.
8. Alkaline:

Should not be present more than 1%.

Excess Alkaline matter causes efflorescence.
 PROPERTIES OF A GOOD CEMENT

Desirable cement properties may Provides strength to masonry.

vary depending on the type of
construction, generally a good
cement possesses following
properties (which depend upon its
Stiffens or hardens early.
Possesses good plasticity.
An excellent building material.

chemical composition, Easily workable.

thoroughness of burning and
Good moisture-resistant.
fineness of grinding).
 For Portland cement types, ASTM C150 describes:
 Type I Type II (Moderate Sulphate
Resistance Cement)
Used for general purpose and is
used where precaution against
available widely.
moderate sulphate attack is
Suitable for all uses (e.g., pavement, important.
sidewalk, R.C buildings, bridges,
Like contact with ground or buried in
water tanks, culverts, sewers etc.)
ground. (e.g in drainage structures,
This type of cement reaches its large piers, retaining walls etc.)

design strength in 28 days. 45 days

 Type III (High early strength cement/Rapid hardening
cement)

- used where formwork is to be removed quickly or

sufficient strength for further construction is required.

- has high heat of hydration and achieves its design

strength in 7 days or less.

- Due to high heat generation, it serves well in cold

climate.
 Type IV (Low heat cement)

- used in mass concreting because it generates less heat, though sets slowly

but becomes much stronger after curing.

- 90 days

Type V (High sulphate resisting cement)

- Used when concrete is to be exposed to highly alkaline soil or water having

high sulphate content.

 USES OF CEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION

It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.

It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.

It is used for water tightness of structure.

It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels,

beams, stairs, pillars etc.
 USES OF CEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION

It is used where hard surface is required for the protection of exposed

surfaces of structures against the destructive agents of the weather and
certain organic or inorganic chemicals.

It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles, fencing posts etc.

It is used in the preparation of foundations, water tight floors, footpaths etc.

It is employed for the construction of wells, water tanks, tennis courts, lamp
posts, telephone cabins, roads etc.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS
Testing the materials is essential since the life of structure is dependent on the
quality of material used.

Fineness, soundness, consistency, and initial and final setting time of cement
are the tests to be conducted to judge the quality of cement.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
Fineness
principle is to determine the proportion of
cement whose grain size is larger then
specified mesh size.

equipment used are: 90m IS Sieve,

Balance capable of weighing 10g to the
nearest 10mg, A nylon or pure bristle brush,
preferably with 25 to 40mm, bristle, for
cleaning the sieve.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
Procedure

1. Agitate the sample of cement to be tested by shaking for 2 minutes in a

stoppered jar to disperse agglomerates. Stir the resulting powder gently using
a clean dry rod in order to distribute the fines throughout the cement.

2. Attach a pan under the sieve to collect the cement passing the sieve.

3. Weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the

sieve. Fit the lid over the sieve.

4. Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more
fine material passes through it.

5. Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage of the
quantity first placed in the sieve.

6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 with a fresh sample.

 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED

Soundness
In the soundness test, a specimen of
hardened cement paste is boiled for a
fixed time so that any tendency to
expand is speeded up and can be
detected.

Soundness - the ability to resist volume

expansion.

equipment used is Le Chatelier.

 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
Procedure:
1. Before commencing setting time test, do the
consistency test to obtain the water required to give
the paste normal consistency.
2. Prepare a paste by adding 0.78 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
3. Lightly oil the Le-chatelier mould and place it on a
lightly oiled glass sheet.
4. Fill the mould with the prepared cement paste. In the
process of filling the mould keep the edge of the mould
gently together.
5. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled
glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass
sheet.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
6. Submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of
27 20 C and keep there for 24 hours.
7. Remove the whole assembly from water bath and measure
the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest
0.5 mm.
8. Again submerge the whole assembly in water bath and
bring the temperature of water bath to boiling temperature
in 25 to 30 minutes. Keep it at boiling temperature for a
period of 3 hours.
9. After completion of 3 hours, allow the temperature of the
water bath to cool down to room temperature and remove
the whole assembly from the water bath.
10. Measure the distance between the two indicator points to
the nearest 0.5 mm.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
Consistency

Standard consistency of a cement

paste - the consistency which will
permit a vicat plunger having 10
mm dia and 50 mm length to
penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm
from top of the mould.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED

Procedure:

1. Take 400 g of cement and place it in the enameled tray.

2. Mix about 25% water by weight of dry cement thoroughly to get a

cement paste. Total time taken to obtain thoroughly mixed water cement
paste i.e. Gauging time should not be more than 3 to 5 minutes.

3. Fill the vicat mould, resting upon a glass plate, with this cement paste.

4. After filling the mould completely, smoothen the surface of the paste,
making it level with top of the mould.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
5. Place the whole assembly(i.e. mould + cement paste + glass
plate) under the rod bearing plunger.

6. Lower the plunger gently so as to touch the surface of the test

block and quickly release the plunger allowing it to sink into the
paste.

7. Measure the depth of penetration and record it.

8. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water content

and follow the steps (2 to 7) as described above, until the
depth of penetration becomes 33 to 35 mm.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
Initial and final setting time

is the time period between the time

water is added to cement and time
at which 1 mm square section needle
fails to penetrate the cement paste,
placed in the Vicats mould 5 mm to
7 mm from the bottom of the mould.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
Procedure
(A)TEST BLOCK PREPARATION
1. Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency test
to obtain the water required to give the paste normal
consistency (P).
2. Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste with
0.85P of water by weight of cement.
3. Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes. Start the stop
watch at the instant when the water is added to the cement.
Record this time (t1).
4. Fill the Vicat mould, resting on a glass plate, with the cement
paste gauged as above. Fill the mould completely and
smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top
of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is called test
block.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED
(B) INITIAL SETTING TIME

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the
non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle.

2. Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface
of test block and quick release, allowing it to penetrate into the
test block.

3. In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block.

Repeat this procedure i.e. quickly releasing the needle after
every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5
mm measured from the bottom of the mould.
 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED

(C) FINAL SETTING TIME

1. For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of the
Vicats apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment.

2. The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the

final setting needle gently to the surface of the test block; the
needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment
fails to do so.
 EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR TESTING

Vicat Apparatus

which are used for determination of

normal consistency of hydraulic
cement, gypsum plaster and lime
and setting time of cement, gypsum
plaster and gypsum concrete.
 EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR TESTING
Length Comparator & Cement
Autoclaves
is used to measure the drying
shrinkage of concrete autoclave
expansion of portland cement and
potential expansive reactivity of
cement aggregate combinations in
mortar bars during storage, on self
drying. It is equipped with gauging
trowel and fitted with wooden
handle
 EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR TESTING
Flow Table

is a multi-purpose table designed for

determining the flow of concrete
cement. It is also available as hand-
operated and electrically operated
types. These are catering to the
requirements of diverse applications
such as cement plants, building
construction, aggregate & concrete
testing and mining
 EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR TESTING
Permeability Testers

is frequently used for testing

permeability of cement mortar and
concrete specimens in laboratories.
It finds wide application in ceramic,
cement and concrete industry.
These permeability testers secure a
fast, accurate and user-friendly
permeability testing.
 EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR TESTING
Cement Testing Equipment

which consists of a stainless steel

cylinder with an insulated cover
mounted on a sturdy supporting
frame, enclosed in a heat insulating
metal housing. These are fitted with
gauging towel and wooden handles
 EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR TESTING
The Autoclave

is suitable for conducting accelerated

soundness test on cements or the
autoclave expansion test requiring
constant steam pressure with the
correspondent constant pressure.
 TAKE NOTE!
1. Cement can cause ill health by skin contact, eye contact, or inhalation.

2. Sanding, grinding, or cutting concrete can also release large amounts

of dust containing high levels of crystalline silica. Prolonged or
repeated exposure can lead to a disabling and often fatal lung disease
called silicosis.