A PROJECT ON g+5 Buildings

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING
SLABS
BEAMS
COLUMNS
FOUNDATION
www.engineeringcivil.com
INTRODUCTION
PRICIPLE OF PLANNING
To arrange all the units of a building on all floors and at
level according to their functional requirements making
best use of the space available for a building.
The shape of such a plan is governed by several factors
such as climatic conditions, site location, accommodation
requirements, local by-laws, surrounding environment, etc.
Factors to be considered in planning.
(01) Aspect (02)Prospect
(03) Privacy (04)Grouping
(05) Roominess (06)Furniture Requirement
(07) Sanitation (08)Flexibility
(09) Circulation (10)Elegance
(11) Economy (12)Practical Considerations
Aspect: - Aspect means peculiarity of the

arrangement of doors and windows in the
external walls of a building which allows
the occupants to enjoy the natural gifts
such as sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc.
Aspect is a very important consideration
in planning as it provides not only comfort
and good environment to live in but from
hygienic point of view also.
From the above sun-diagram, it is clear that a kitchen
should have an E-aspect, so that
the morning sun would refresh and purify the air and keep
the kitchen cool during the remaining period of the day.
The dining, drawing and living rooms should have a S-
aspect or S-E-aspect.
Prospect: - Prospect in its
proper sense, is the impression
that house is likely to make on
person who looks at it from out-
side. Therefore, it includes the
attainment of pleasing
appearance by the use of natural
beauties; disposition of doors and
windows; and concealment of
some undesirable views in a given
outlook.
Privacy: - Privacy is one of the important principles in
the planning of buildings of all types in general and
residential buildings in particular. Privacy requires
consideration in two ways:
Privacy of one room from another.
Privacy of all parts of a building from the neighbouring
buildings, public streets and by-ways.
Grouping: - Grouping means the disposition of various
rooms in the layout in a typical fashion so that all the
rooms are placed in proper correlating of their
functions and in proximity with each other. The
objective of grouping of the apartments is to maintain
the sequence of their functions with least interference.
For example, in a residential building, dining room
must be close to the kitchen; at the same time kitchen
should be away from the drawing or the main living
room, otherwise kitchen smells and smoke would detract
them for their usefulness.
Roominess: - Roominess refers to the effect produced by
deriving the maximum benefit from the minimum
dimensions of a room. In other words, it is the
accomplishment of economy of space at the same time
avoiding cramping of the plan. It is essential particularly
in case of residential buildings where large storage space
is required, to make maximum use of every nook and
corner of built-up area of the building before making an
addition to the plinth area.
Furniture Requirements: - The functional requirement of
a room or an apartment governs the furniture
requirements. This is an important consideration in
planning of buildings other than residential in particular
and residential in general.
In case of residential buildings, a room whether intended
for bed room or kitchen or drawing room, the architect
should take into account the furniture positions of all types
likely to be accommodated, so that the doors, windows and
circulation space do not prevent from placing of sufficient
number of pieces.
Sanitation: - Sanitation consists of providing ample light,
ventilation, facilities for cleaning and sanitary
conveniences in the following manner:
(i) Light: - Light has two-fold significance, firstly it
illuminates and secondly from hygienic point of view. Light
in interior buildings may be provided by natural or
artificial lighting. Glare in light distracts and disables the
vision and hence the source of glare may be avoided.
Generally, the minimum window area fir proper
lighting should not be less than 1/10th of floor area.
(ii) Ventilation: - It is the supply of outside air either
positive ventilation or by infiltration into the building.
Good ventilation is an important factor conducive to
comfort in buildings. Poor ventilation or lack of fresh air
in building, always produces headache, sleepiness,
inability to fix attention, etc.
(iii) Cleanliness and sanitary conveniences: - Though the
general cleaning and upkeep of the building is the
responsibility of the occupants but even then some
provisions to facilitate cleaning and prevention of dust are
necessary in planning. The floors, as far as possible,
should be of non-absorbent surface, smooth and proper
slope should be given to facilitates washing with suitable
outlets in the walls. Prevention of dust accumulation is
essential. Dust helps the growth of bacteria and spread of
the disease.
Sanitary conveniences include the provision of bathrooms,
water closets, lavatories, latrines, urinals, etc. in a
building. Provision of such conveniences is not an optional
matter but is a statutory requirement.
Flexibility: - Flexibility means planning a room or rooms

in such a way, which thought
Circulation: - Circulation means internal
thoroughfares or the movement space provided on the
same floor either between the rooms or with in the room
called horizontal circulation and between the different
floors through stairs or lifts called vertical circulation.
Passages, corridors, halls and lobbies serve the purpose of
horizontal circulation, where as for vertical circulation
normally stair or staircase, electric lifts, ramps, etc. are
the means of access to different floors.
Elegance: - Elegance is the effect produce by the
elevation and general layout of the plan. The elevation,
therefore, should speak out the internal facts and be
indicative of the character.
Elevation should be impressive and should be
developed together with the plan simultaneously. With the
economy limitations, elevations should be aesthetically
good and attractive.
Economy: - The economy may not be a principle of
planning but it is certainly a factor, which effects planning.
The economy may restrict the liberties of the architect and
may also require certain alteration and omission in the
original plan. The economy should not have any bad effect
on grouping or aspect, however the prospect at the most to
some extend can be sacrificed if need be. Economy should
not have any evil effect on the utilities and safety of the
structure.
P
N
STRUCTURAL PLANNING
Structural planning is first stage in any structural design.
It involves the determination of appropriate form of
structure, material to be used, the structural system, the
layout of its components and the method of analysis.
As the success of any engineering project measured in
terms of safety and economy, the emphasis today is being
more on economy. Structural planning is the first step
towards successful structural design.
Structural Planning of Reinforced Concrete Framed
Building:
Structural planning of R.C.C. framed building involves
determination of:
COLUMN POSITIONS
Positioning of columns
Orientation of columns
BEAM LOCATIONS
SPANNING OF SLABS
LAYOUT AND PLANNING OF STAIRS
TYPE OF FOOTING
STRUCTURAL DESIGNING
Structural design for framed R.C.C structure can be done by
three methods:
Working Stress Method.
Ultimate Strength Method.
Limit State Method.
WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN
It is earliest modified method of R.C.C structures. In this
method structural element is so designed that the stress
resulting from the action of services load as computed in
linear elastic theory using modular ratio concept do not
exceed a pre-designed allowable stress which is kept as
some fraction of ultimate stress, to avail a margin of
safety. Since this method does not utilize full strength of the
material it results in heavy section, the economy aspect
cannot be fully utilized in the method.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD OF DESIGN
This method is primarily based on strength concept. In this
method the structural element is proportioned to withstand
the ultimate load, which is obtained by enhancing the service
load of some factor referred to as load factor for giving
desired margin of safety. Since this method is based on actual
stress strain behavior of the material, of the member as of the
structure that too right up to failure, the values calculated by
this method agree well the experiment results.
LIMIT STATE METHOD DESIGN
During the past several years, extension research works have
been carried out on the different aspects of the research in the
actual behavior of member and structure has led to the
development of design and approach of LIMIT STATE
METHOD OF DESIGN.
LIMIT STATE CONCEPT
In limit state method the working load is multiplied by partial
factor of safety in accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS 456-
2000; And also the ultimate strength of material is divided by
the partial safety in accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS
456-2000; and also the ultimate strength of the material is
divided by partial safety in accordance with clause 36.4.2 of
IS-456-2000. Partial safety factor is introduced to reduce the
probability of failure to about zero. When a structure or apart
of a structure becomes unfit for use, it is said to have reached
a limit state, unfitness for use can arise in various ways and
aim of limit state method of design is to provide an acceptable
probability that the structure will not reach any of the limit
states during its service life span. Limit state can be broadly
classified into two main categories.
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: It is the limit state on
attainment of which the structure is likely to collapse. It
relates to stability and strength of the structure. Design
to this limit ensures safety of the structure from collapse.
LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: It relates to

performance or behavior of structure at working loads
and is based on causes affecting serviceability of the
structure. This limit state is concerned with cracking and
deflection of the structure.
DESIGN PRINCIPLE, ASSUMPTION AND NOTATION
ASSUMED
The notation adopted throughout the work is same as
in IS-456-2000.
ASSUMPTION IN DESIGN
1. Using partial safety factors for loads in accordance
with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000 as f = 1.5
2. Partial safety factor for material in accordance with
clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and
1.15 for steel.
3. Using partial safety factors in accordance with
clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000 combination of load.
D.L. + L.L. 1.5
D.L. + L.L. + W.L 1.2
Density of materials used
MATERIAL Density
i) Plain concrete 24.0 KN/m3
ii) Reinforced 25.0 KN/m3
iii) Flooring material (c.m) 20.0KN/m3
iv) Brick masonry 19.0KN/m3
v) Fly ash 5.0KN/m3
LIVELOADS: In accordance with IS 875-86

i) Live load on slabs = 3.0KN/m2
ii) Live load on passage = 3.0KN/m2
iii Live load on stairs = 3.0KN/m2
DESIGN CONSTANTS
Using M20 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams,
slabs, footings, columns.
Therefore: -
Fck = characteristic strength for M20-20N/mm2
Fy = Characteristic strength of steel 415N/mm2
ASSUMPTION REGARDING DESIGN

Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and
partially fixed on edges, due to monolithic construction and
due to construction of walls over it.
Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support
and they frame into the column at ends
SLABS
Slab are plain structural members forming floors and roofs of
building whose thickness is quite small compared to their
other dimensions. These carry load primarily by flexure and
are in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular
and triangular in buildings, tanks etc. inclined slabs may be
used as ramps for multistoried as parking. A staircase is
considered to be an inclined slab.
The thickness of the reinforced
concrete slabs ranges from 75mm to
300mm slabs are designed just like
beams keeping the breadth of slab
as unity depending on the system of
units. Thus the total slab is assumed
to the consisting of strips of unit
width compression reinforcement is
used only in exceptional basis in a
slab.
Slab may be supported by beams
or by walls and may be simply
supported or continuous over
one or more supports. When the
ratio of the length to the width
of a slab is more than 2, and
then most of the load is carried
by the shorter span and in such
a case is known as one-way in
case the ratio is less than 2 then
it is called a Two-way slab,
which is further classified as
restrained and simply supported
slabs. The various other types of
the slabs are flat slabs, which
rest directly on columns with
beams and Grid Floors or
Ribbed slabs.
BEAMS
A reinforcement concrete beam should be able to

resist tensile, compressive and shear stresses induced in it .
Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in
tension. Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying
capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in
tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of concrete is overcome by
the provision of reinforced steel in the tension zone to make
a reinforced concrete beam.
The beams and slabs in concrete structure are cast
monolithic. Hence the structure becomes, a slab which is
stiffened by concrete ribs in which the intermediate beams
act as T beam, and beams around the staircase, Lift
openings, supports frames, etc. act as L beams. The portion
of the slab that acts as a-flange of T or L beams on its own
thickness and span. Beams may be singly reinforced or
doubly reinforced.
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

In case of singly reinforced beam, the main reinforcement is
provided near the tension faces of the beam.
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
A doubly reinforced beam is that in which reinforcement is
provided both for tension as well as compression face.
A doubly reinforced section is generally provided under the
following conditions.
1. When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and
it has to resist greater bending moment than a singly
reinforced beam of that section would do.
2. When the beam is continuous over several supports, the
section of the beam at the support is usually designed as
doubly reinforced section.
3. When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.
4. When the bending moment in the member reverses
according to the loading conditions e.g., the wall of the under
ground R.C.C storage reservoir, brackets etc.,
5. When the member is subjected to shocks, impact or
accidental lateral thrust.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION ACCORDING TO IS: 456-
2000 AND SP: 16 EFFECTIVE DEPTH
Effective depth of beams is the distance between the centroid
of the area of tension reinforcement and the maximum
compression fiber, excluding the thickness of the finishing
material not placed monolithically.
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
The deflection shall generally be limited to the following:
The final deflection due to all loads including the
effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage are measured
from the as-cast level of the support of the floor, roofs and all
other horizontal members not normally exceed span/250.
The deflection including the effects of temperature,
creep and shrinkage occurring after erection of partitions
and the application of finishes should not normally exceed
span/350 or 20mm whichever is less.
SHEAR
A beam subjected to shear force and bending moment
experience diagonal tension. Vertical shear force alone is not
as critical when compared with the result due to the
intersection of bending moment and shear force.
The resultants of these stresses produce diagonal tension,
which may develop crack in the beam.
To take care of this resultant diagonal tension shear
reinforcement is provided in two forms.
1. Cranked bars
2. Stirrups
-Vertical
-Inclined.
COLUMNS
A column or strut is a compression member, which is
used primarily to support axial compressive loads and with a
height of at least three times its least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be
subjected to axially loaded when the line of the resultant
thrust of loads supported by the column is coincides with the
line of C.G. of the column in the longitudinal direction.
Depending upon the architectural requirements and the loads
to be supported, R.C.C. column may be cast in various shapes
i.e. square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal or circular.
COLUMN POSITIONS
Following are some of the guidelines principles for

positioning of columns.
Column should be preferably located at or near the corner of
the building and at intersection of the walls, because the
function of the column is to support beams which are normally
placed under walls to support them. The columns, which are
near to property line, can be exception from above
consideration as the difficulties are encountered in providing
footing for such columns.
When center to center distance between the intersection of the
walls is large or where there are no cross walls, the spacing
between two column is governed by limitations on spans of
supported beams because spacing of column beside the span
of the beams. As the span of the beam increase as the required
depth increase and hence its self weight.
ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS:
Column normally provided in the building are

rectangular width of the column not less than the width of
support for effective load transfer. As far as possible, the
width of the column shall not exceed the thickness of the walls
to avoid the offsets. Restrictions on the width of the column
necessitate the other side (the depth) of the column to be
larger the desired load carrying capacity. This leads to the
problems of orientation of columns.
Effective Length
The effective length of a column is defined as the length
between the points of contra flexure of the buckled column.
The code has given certain values of the effective length for
normal usage assuming idealized and condition shown in
appendix D of IS 456 (table 24)
A column may be classified as follows based on the type of
loading.
Axially loaded column.
A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending.
A column subjected axial loads and bi-axial bending.
Axially Loaded Columns
All compression members are to be designed for a minimum
eccentricity of load into principal directions. In practice, a
truly axially loaded column is rare, if not non-existent.
Therefore, every column should be designed for an
eccentricity. www.engineeringcivil.com
Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending
A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall
be designed on the basis of
The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial
compression is taken as .002
The maximum compressive strain in concrete at the highly
compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial
compression and when there is no tension on the section shall
be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed
extreme fiber.
Design charts for combined axial compression and bending
are given in the form of interaction diagrams in which curves
for Pu /fck bD Vs Mu /fck b D2 are plotted for different
values of p/ fck where P is the reinforcement percentage.
Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
The resistance of a member subjected to axial fore and
biaxial bending shall be obtained on the basis of assumptions
given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to
satisfy the equilibrium of load and moments about two axes.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following
equation:
Mux,Muy = Moment about x and y-axis due to design load
Mux1, Muyl = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an
axial load of pu, bending about x and y axis respectively and
it is related to pu/puz
Puz = 0.45 x fck x Ac + 0.75 x fy x Asc
For values of Pu/puz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of an varies
from 1 to 2
For values less than 0.2 =1.0
For values greater than 0.8, = 2.0
Thank You

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A PROJECT ON g+5 Buildings

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL

Aspect: - Aspect means peculiarity of the

Flexibility: - Flexibility means planning a room or rooms

LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: It relates to

LIVELOADS: In accordance with IS 875-86

ASSUMPTION REGARDING DESIGN

A reinforcement concrete beam should be able to

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Following are some of the guidelines principles for

Column normally provided in the building are

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