R E S P I R A T I O N: Respiration Training Module

R
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S
P
I Respiration training module
R
A
T
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3M 02/2000 Respiration issue 2
R
E Respiratory theory
S
P Why the lungs need protecting from
I airborne hazards
R
A
T
I
O
N
R
E Respiratory theory
S
P The respiratory process
I The bodys natural defences to airborne hazards
R
Identifying key respiratory hazards
A
T Assessing the health risks of respiratory hazards
I
O
N
R
E
S
P
I Respiration = Breathing
R
A
T
I
O
N
R
E Breathing
S
P
I Oxygen in
R
A
T Carbon Dioxide out
I
O Gaseous exchange
N
R The Human respiratory system
E Alveolus
S
P
Trachea
I Bronchus
R
A
T
Bronchiole
I
O
N Alveoli
R Alveolus
Oxygenated
E Deoxygenated
blood
blood
S
P
I
R
A
T
I
Capillaries
O
N
R HAZARDS
E
S
P
I
R
A
T
I 3000 BC 0 2000 AD
O
N
R Airborne hazards affecting the
E respiratory system
S
P Particles Gases & vapours Oxygen deficiency
I
R
A
T
I
O
N
R Particles (As defined by EN 132)
E (Solid or liquid particles in the finely divided state)

S Aerosol Suspension of solid, liquid or solid and liquid particles in air
P - having a negligible falling velocity
I Dusts Solid particles

R
Mists Liquid aerosol
A
T Fume Fine solid aerosol which may be chemically generated or of
metallic origin
I
Smoke
O Aerosol generated by incomplete combustion of organic
compounds
N
R Defining the sizes of airborne particles
E
S
P Inhalable Respirable
I
All airborne particles Specific size of airborne
R which can be breathed particles which can reach
A in through the nose and the smaller passageways
mouth and gaseous exchange
T region of the lungs
I
Generally defined as being Generally defined as being
O 100 microns or less in 10 microns or less in
N diameter diameter
R Visible particle size
E 1 Micron = 1/1000mm
S
With good lighting it is just possible to see a
P particle 50 microns in diameter at a distance of
I 10 inches (250cm)
R Particles below 5 micron can reach the alveoli

A and settle there
T Particles as small as these are invisible to the

I naked eye
O It is very difficult to persuade people to protect

N themselves from particles they cannot see!
R The bodys natural defences to
E airborne particle hazards
S The body has some very efficient ways of dealing
with airborne particle hazards...
P
Nasal hair
I
R Mucus
A Cilia
T
Defence cells
I
O Coughing
N Sneezing
R Limitations of the bodys natural
E defences to airborne hazards
S however, if the airborne hazard is...
P
In large enough quantities...
I
R
Of a sensitising nature...
A
T
Or very small...
I
O it may overcome these natural defences and
cause ill health
N
R Alveolu
E s
S
P
I
R Scar Tissue
A
T
I
O
N
Relative sizes of common airborne particles
R
E Visible by electron Visible by
Visible by human eye
S microscope microscope
P Viruses
Welding fume
Tobacco smoke
I Bacteria
Industrial mists
R Pollen
Human
A Dust
hair
T Mists &
Fog Rain
drizzle
I 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000
O Particle diameter, microns (1mm = 1,000 microns)

Inhalable
N Respirable
R
E Gases & Vapours
S
P
I Gas
R - Is a substance above its boiling point
A Vapour
T - Gaseous phase of a substance which is a
liquid or solid at ambient temperatures
I - Molecules escape into the air before boiling
O point is reached
N
R The body has no real defences
E against gases/vapours
S
P Apart from when you hold your breath and
I leave the contaminated area
R So how do you know when to hold your breath?
A
T
I
O
N
R Detecting hazardous gases
The body can only detect hazardous gases if they
E have good warning properties eg.
S - Taste
- Smell
P - Irritation
I
If these warning properties cannot be detected at
R non hazardous levels, there may be serious
A consequences!
T
I
O
N
R The most common hazardous
E effects of gases can be grouped
S as follows...
P Asphyxiants - simple
- chemical
I Irritants
R
Toxic/Narcotic
A
T The hazardous effects depend upon
I
O The concentration in the air
The length of exposure
N
R Oxygen content of air
E
S
P
I 17% 21% 23%
(+ 2%)
R Oxygen Ideal Oxygen Oxygen
A deficient content enrichment
T 19.5% 3M definition
I of Oxygen deficient
O
N
R Gases with little or no warning
E properties
S
Some gases, such as Carbon Monoxide,
P Carbon Dioxide and Methane, have virtually
I no warning properties and claim many lives
each year!
R
A
T
I
O
N
Daily mail, Friday, June 23rd 1995
R Nine are killed in cave gas trap
E From Peter Shard in Paris
Nine people died after being overcome by Carbon Monoxide in a cave
S near Rouen In Normandy, France.
P The gas may have been created when three of the victims- two
teenage brothers and a friend - lit a fire in one of the underground
I tunnels far from the cave entrance and fresh air. The others killed
were the brothers father, who went to look for them, and five rescuers.
R The cave is popular with children.
A Nicholas Duvivier, 15, his brother,Thomas, and a playmate, Pierre

Lamperrier, 14, failed to return from the network of tunnels on
T Wednesday. The father disappeared whilst inside and a friend who had
gone with him raised the alarm. A rescue team of four firemen and a
I paramedic went in and also died.
O Colleagues brought the bodies to the surface yesterday. Even with

breathing apparatus, they could not spend more than 30 minutes
N underground at a time.
R
E Health Effects of Respiratory Hazards
S
P
- Acute
I
R - Chronic
A
T
I
O
N
R Typical illnesses caused or triggered
E by airborne hazards
S Fibrosis
Scarring of the alveoli wall tissue affecting gaseous
P exchange eg. Asbestosis
I Oedema
R Swelling of the tissues in the respiratory system
A restricting air flow - affecting gaseous exchange
T Sensitisation
I Causing restrictions and contractions in airways -
Occupational Asthma eg. Bakers Asthma from flour
O dust
N Cancer
R The tissues inside the lungs are
E extremely delicate.
S
P
I
R
A
T
I
O Everyone should look after their
N lungs throughout their lives.
R
E People will often ignore health
S warnings about respiratory hazards
P if the adverse effects take some time
I to develop
R
A Eg. Cancer, Asbestosis, Occupational Asthma etc...
T
I
O
N
R One way of dealing with airborne
E hazards is to use a respirator
S
P
I Respirator
R Respiratory protective equipment that filters
contaminated air before it is inhaled by the wearer
A
T (prEN 132 1994)
I
O
N

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R

E (Solid or liquid particles in the finely divided state)

I Dusts Solid particles

R Particles below 5 micron can reach the alveoli

T Particles as small as these are invisible to the

O It is very difficult to persuade people to protect

O Particle diameter, microns (1mm = 1,000 microns)

A Nicholas Duvivier, 15, his brother,Thomas, and a playmate, Pierre

O Colleagues brought the bodies to the surface yesterday. Even with

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