Presented By:

ARPIT HALANI
 Introduction

An impression is a negative likeness or copy in reverse
of the surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and
adjacent structures for use in dentistry.

An impression material is any substance or

combination
of substances used for making an impression or
negative
reproduction.
Indications

Diagnostic casts
preliminary
opposing

Indirect reconstruction
fixed
removable

Bite registration

Giordano Gen Dent 2000



HISTORY
 HISTORY:

1782: William Rae used wax with plaster of Paris.

1940s: American dentists had used the Plaster of Paris for impression and the technique
was presented to the profession at large by Chapin Harris in 1953.

1925: Alphous Poller of Vienna was granted a British Patent for a totally different
type of impression material which was later described by Skinner as
Colloidal sols of emulsoid type. The possibility of using colloidal substance for dental
impressions became apparent when Pollers Negacoll was modified and introduced
into the dental profession as Dentacol in 1928. Agar hydrocolloid was introduced
to the dental profession.

1930: JD Hart of Okhlohama began to use this material for fabrication

of cast restoration.

1930: AW Ward and EB Kelly introduced ZnOEugenol.

1890s: A chemist from Scotland noticed that brown seaweed yielded peculiar
mucous extraction. He named it algin.
1936-40: S William Wilding of England received the basic patent for the use of
algin as a dental impression material when the popular agar impression
material became scarce because of World War II( Japan was the prime source of
agar). Research was accelerated for a suitable substitute and the result is the present
irreversible hydrocolloid.

1950s: Rubber base impression materials were developed to mimic natural rubber w
hen it became difficult to obtain during World War II.
o Polysulfides were the first elastomeric impression materials to be introduced
in mid 1950s.
o Condensation silicones were the first viable silicones to be introduced in
dentistry.

1960s: Polyether impression material was developed in Germany in the mid 1960s.

1970s: Addition silicone was introduced as a dental impression material.

1988: Latest addition and light cure elastomers.

1990-2000: New auto devices and delivery systems.

 Ideal Requirements of Dental
Impression Materials
1.

They should be fluid enough to adapt to the oral tissues;

2. They should be viscous enough to be contained in the tray that i

s seated in the mouth.

3. While in mouth they should transform(set) into a r

ubbery or rigid solid in a reasonable amount of time.
Ideally the total setting time should be less than 7 min.

4. The set impression should not distort or tear when removed fr

om the mouth
5. The impressions made from these materials
should be dimensionally stable at least
until the cast is poured.

6.The impression should maintain its

dimensional stability after removal of a cast so that a
second or third cast can be made from the same impression.

7. The materials should be biocompatible.

8.The materials, associated processing equipment and

processing time should be cost effective.
Phillips Science Of Dental Materials 11th edition
 No impression material
fulfills all the requirements

The selection of the material
best suited for a particular clinical
situation and technique rests with
the dentist.
 According to mode of setting:
Agar hydrocolloid
Reversible
/Thermo- Impression compound
Impression
Materials

plastic
Alginate hydrocolloid

Impression plaster

Irreversible Zinc oxide eugenol

/Thermoset
Polysulfide
Condensation
Silicones
Addition
Polyether 12
 According to elasticity:
Plaster
Non-elastic/
Compound
Rigid
Waxes
Impression
Materials

ZnO - Eugenol
Agar
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids Alginate
Elastic/
Polysulfide
Non Rigid Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether

OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

 According to use in dentistry:

Impression Materials used for completely edentulous jaws:

a)used for initial impression:

plaster, impression compound, alginate hydrocolloid, rubber base
impression materials
b)used for final impression:
zinc oxide eugenol paste, rubberbase impression materials (light bodied
silicone), polyether

Impression materials for dentulous jaws:

alginates, rubber base impression materials

Impression materials for maxillofacial prostheses:

commonly silicone and alginate is used along with plaster
 According to viscosity or tissue displacement:

Mucostatic impression materials:

These do not compress the tissues during seating of the impression:
Impression plaster
Agar
Alginate.
Light body elastomers.

Mucocompressive:
Impression compound
Putty elastomers.
 Positive for
HIV antibody

Bacterial
contamination

PRELIMNARY IMPRESSION
MATERIALS
Impression Compound

 Impression Compound

Also called as Modeling
Plastic

Thermoplastic impression
material

Supplied in form of sheets,

sticks, cylinders and cones.
18
Classification (ADA Spec No 3)

Type I Impression compound
Impressions for edentulous arches
Peripheral border moulding
Impressions for indirect inlay preparation.

Type II Tray compound

Trays for making impression
Stiffer
Less flow
19
 Rigid and
thermoplastic
material

Undergoes distortion Low thermal

due to release of conductivity
internal stresses

PROPERTIES

Less reproduction
Low sag resistance
of detail

High coefficient of
thermal expansion
(0.3%) 20
Thermal Conductivity:
LOW:

During softening, outside layer softens first and inside last.
To ensure uniform softening, material should be kneaded
properly.
Impression should be withdrawn from mouth only after its
hardened throughout.

Thermal Contraction:
HIGH:
Linear contraction on cooling from mouth to room
temperature at 250 C (770 F): 0.3 -0.4%
Volume expansion over same temperature range :1.38-
2.29%
 Types:
Type Flow at Use
37C
45C

According to ADA
Type I
Specification
Less than More than No. 3
Preliminary impressions of
Impression 6% 85% edentulous patients.
Peripheral seal materials.
compound Impression of single crowns for
copper band impressions.
To check undercuts in inlay
preparation

Type II Less than 70-85% Primarily used as tray materials

Tray compound 2% that are sufficiently rigid to
support other impression
materials.
 Dimensional stability:

Ensured by carefully preparing and handling the materials.
Avoiding over or prolonged heating.
Impression should be withdrawn from mouth only after its hardened
throughout.
Cast or die should be made as soon as possible to avoid inaccuracies
caused by release of stresses.

Reproduction of detail:
Surface reproduction of detail is low because of its high viscosity
and low flow.
Because of the mucocompressive technique used, the tissues are
recorded in a distorted state.
Manipulation

Softened at 65-700C in a water

bath

While placing in mouth, temp

should be approximately 450C

Prolonged immersion
Leaching of low molecular weight
ingredients

24
Impression Plaster

Impression Plaster

Impression Plaster was the first gypsum product
to be used in dentistry.
It is manufactured by grinding the gypsum rock to
a fine powder and then heating the powder in an
open air container. This direct and rapid heating in
open air drives apart water of crystallization from
the crystal.
The resulting powder consists of porous, irregular
particles. Plaster is the weakest and most
inexpensive of all gypsum product. 26
Impression Plaster:
ADA specification 23

Type I ( hemihydrate of gypsum)

Setting reaction
CaSO4. 1/2H2O + 11/2 H2O CaSO4.2 H2O + Energy
(hemihydrate) (dihydrate)

W/P ratio : 0.40-0.75

Setting time : 4 1 min
 Soluble Impression Plaster

Potato starch is incorporated so that the set plaster will
disintegrate due to swelling of starch and make it soluble.

After the cast has hardened, the impression and cast are
immersed in hot water, thus facilitating rapid removal of
impression from the cast model.

Added advantages of starch:

Produces very smooth mix.
Produces slightly sticky mix that adheres to tray
even when in thin wafers.
Serves as inert filler and reduces temperature rise.
Impression Making:-

Freshly mixed plaster is too fluid to be used in a stock impression tray

& is normally used in a special tray, constructed using a 1-1.5mm spacer.
The tray may be made from acrylic resin or shellac

Another technique is to record the plaster impression as a wash in a

preliminary compound impression.

The compound is deliberately moved during setting to create space

for the plaster wash.

One technique for recording impressions of undercut areas, commonly

used before the advent of elastic materials, was to allow the impression
plaster to set & then to fracture it in order to facilitate removal from
mouth.

Material is weak & easily fractures due to high W:P ratio.

 Accuracy .

Very accurate impression due to:
Initial fluidity of material allowing to record soft
tissues in uncompressed state.

Absorption of moisture from surface of oral soft

tissues, facilitating intimate contact between the
impression material and tissues.

Minimal dimensional change on setting.

 .
Dimensionally accurate with good surface details.
Absorbs palatal secretions during setting.
Speedy handling and easy manipulation.
Produces minimum tissue displacement.

Compresses tissues.
In very wet mouth, surface of plaster tends to be
washed away spoiling the surface details.
Exothermic setting reaction.
Separating media used may obliterate some
details.
Cannot be removed from undercuts without
breaking.
 Agar
Aqueous (reversible)
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether

OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

 Hydrocolloids:

Kola - glue and oid- like, a glue-like character.

Colloids are classified as the fourth state of matter , they lie between

suspension and solutions.

Characterized by their unique dispersion of particles held together by

primary or secondary forces.

The size of the particles larger than solutions & range from 1 to 200nm.
 The colloidal materials that are dissolved in water are termed

hydrocolloids

If the change of sol to gel is thermal and reversible - reversible

hydrocolloid (agar)

If the change of sol to gel is chemical and irreversible -

irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate)

An important characteristic of gels is the processes of syneresis

and imbibition.

These both alter the original dimensions of the gel

Agar hydrocolloid

 Reversible Hydrocolloid
AGAR

Introduced by Alphous Poller of Vienna in 1925.

Adopted commercially as Dentacol in 1928.

It was the first successful elastic impression material.

Agar is an organic hydrophilic colloid extracted from certain Seaweed

It is a sulphuric ester of a linear polymer of galactose.

Though highly accurate, it has been largely replaced by alginates and

elastomers due to its cumbersome manipulation.

Conditioner Consists of:

a. Boiling or liquefaction section:

10 mins in boiling water (1000 C).

b. Storage section: 65-680 C is

ideal it can be stored till needed

c. Tempering section: 460 C for

about 2mins
Water Cooled Rim Lock Trays
Final Impression With Agar
 1. Hydrophilic Impression
Advantages:

material
1. Only one model can be
2. Good elastic properties, Good
recovery from distortion
used
3. Can be re-used as a 2. Extensive and
duplicating material expensive equipment
4. Long working time and low required
material cost 3. It can not be

Disadvantages:
5.No mixing technique electroplated
6. High accuracy and fine detail 4. Impossible to sterilize
recording for reuse
5. Low dimensional
stability & tear resistance
 Uses of Agar:

For full
Widely used
mouth
at present for
impression
cast
without deep
duplication
undercuts

Was used for

crown &
As tissue
bridge before
conditioner the advent of
elastomers
Irreversible hydrocolloid
(Alginate) :
During World War II

Salt of alginic acid (anhydro d mannuronic acid)
 Most widely used
impression material

Indications

study models
removable fixed partial dentures
framework

Examples
Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk)
Coe Alginate (GC America)

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

 Manipulation

Weigh powder
Powder added to water
rubber bowl
vacuum mixer
Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min
Place tray
Remove 2 to 3 minutes
after gelation (loss of tackiness)

Caswell JADA 1986

 Working time

Fast set alginate-1 min

Normal set - 2min

 Tears easily
Dimensionally unstable
immediate pour
single cast
Lower detail reproduction
unacceptable for fixed pros
High permanent
deformation
Difficult to disinfect

Inexpensive
Easy to use
Hydrophilic
displace moisture, blood,
fluids
Stock trays
Minimum requirement of
equipment.
Accuracy if properly
handled.
Gives good surface detail. Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
 Agar
Aqueous (reversible)
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether

OBrien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

 Based on selected elastic properties &
ADA CLASSIFICATION:
dimensional changes ( sp no.19):

Maximum
Maximum Maximum
Each type is further divided into
permanent flowfour
in viscosity classes;
dimensional
compression change
Deformation in 24 hrs
Type I 2.5 0.5 -0.5
Type II 2.5 0.5 -1.
III.According to Viscosity
Type III 5.5 2.0 -0.5
1) Light body or syringe consistency
2) Medium or regular body
3) Heavy body or tray consistency
4) Very heavy body or putty consistency.
 Polysulfide

First dental elastomers
Mercapton or Thiokol

Indications
complete denture
removable fixed partial denture
tissue
crown and bridge

Examples
Permlastic (Kerr)
Omni-Flex (GC America)
Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
Condensation silicone
impression materials

Indications
complete dentures
crown and bridge

Examples
Speedex
(Coltene/Whaledent)
Primasil (TISS Dental)
 Mix thoroughly
paste - paste
paste - liquid

Putty-wash technique
reduces effect of polymerization shrinkage
stock tray
putty placed
thin plastic sheet spacer
preliminary impression
intraoral custom tray
inject wash material

Adequate working and
setting time
Pleasant odor and no
staining
Adequate tear strength
Better elastic properties on
removal
Less distortion on removal
Adequate accuracy of the
poured impression
Poor dimensional stability
Potential for significant
distortion
Putty wash is technique
sensitive
Slightly more expensive
Addition reaction silicone
(vinyl poly silicone) impression
material

AKA: Vinyl polysiloxane
Indications
crown and bridge
denture
bite registration
Examples
Extrude (Kerr)
Express (3M/ESPE)
Aquasil (Dentsply Caulk)
Genie (Sultan Chemists)
Virtual (Ivoclar Vivadent)
Advantages
Highly accurate

High dimensional stability
pour up to one week
Stock or custom trays
Multiple casts
Easy to mix
Pleasant odor

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996

Disadvantages

Expensive
Sulfur inhibits set
latex gloves
ferric and Al sulfate
retraction solution
Pumice teeth before
impressing
Short working time
Lower tear strength
Possible hydrogen gas release
bubbles on die
palladium added to absorb
Manikos Aust Dent J 1998
 Polyether
Impression Material
Indications

crown and bridge
bite registration

Examples
Impregum F (3M/ESPE)
Permadyne (3M/ESPE)
Pentamix (3M/ESPE)
P2 (Heraeus Kulzer)
Polygel (Dentsply Caulk)
Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
 Elastic recovery:
No impression material has 100% elastic recovery.
Dimensional stability:
This property, coupled with excellent dimensional stability, makes polyvinyl
impression material , the most accurate material for second pour.
Condensation silicone : Produces ethyl alcohol as a by product of the setting
reaction.

Polysulfide rubber produces water as a by product of the setting reaction. These

volatile by products tend to evaporate from the surface of the set impression,
resulting in distortion. These impression materials should be poured no more
than 30 minutes after removal from the mouth.

Polyether impression materials: can absorb water from the atmosphere.

Whereas most impression materials shrink over time due to continued
polymerization and loss of volatile byproducts, polyether materials swell over time
due to water sorption. For maximum accuracy, polyether impression
materials be poured within 1 hr of removal from the mouth.
 Flow and flexibility:
Addition silicone and polyether are pseudoplastic impression materials.
Another strain dependant rheological behaviour is Thixotropy

Rigidity:
Polyether impression materials tend to be more rigid than the other materials.
PVS materials are reasonably stiff, but fracture of the dies are uncommon.
Reversible hydrocolloid is the least rigid of all impression materials and may be
the material of choice in making impressions of periodontally compromised teeth.

Workability:
Automix devices, electronic mixing devices, and simpler mixing guns
provide a standardized mix with:
o Fewer inherent porosities.
o Increased working time.
o An economic savings due to less waste of material.
 Regularly-Used Impression
Materials*
Civilian Practitioners

Alginate 88%
Polyvinyl Siloxane 85%
Polyether 27%
Other 6%

*Multiple Responses DPR 2005

 Conclusion

Function of impression materials is to record accurately the
dimensions of oral tissue.

Environmental conditions and characteristics of the tissue often

dictate choice of material

65
 Summary

Study models
Alginate most widely used
inexpensive
displaces moisture
lower detail reproduction
dimensionally unstable
 IMPRESSION
WAXES

.

Thermoplastic
Rigid
Reversible
 Corrective Impression
Wax

Used as wax veneer over an original
impression to register the details of soft
tissues.

Records the mucous membrane and

underlying tissues in functional state.

Flow: 100% at 37C.

Disadvantage: Distortion during

removal from mouth.
 Advantages

Impression wax can be used in thin layers to
record the impression surface of the ridge
accurately.

It is relatively easy to manipulate.

It does not need advanced equipments.

 Disadvantages

Easy deformation under stress.

Minimal surface hardness.

Poor dimensional stability.

More time consuming.

Extreme skill and care necessary to prevent distortion .