GROUP 2

1.Nguyen Ngoc Bich Thuy

2.Tran Thi Thanh Thanh
3.Nguyen Dinh Thuy An
4.Nguyen Thi Mai Nga
EXOPHORA and ENDOPHORA
SUBSTITUTION

I. Exophora and Endophora

II. Substitution
III.Conclusion
I. EXOPHORA and ENDOPHORA
1. Exophora
Exophoric co-reference instructs the hearer
to look outside the text to identify what is
being referred to.
For example, pronouns are often exophoric,
with words such as "this", "that", "here",
"there.
Ex: Look at this. (this = )
2. Endophora
Endophoric co-reference instructs the hearer
/ reader to look inside the text to find what is
being referred to.

For example, in the sentences "I saw Sally

yesterday. She was lying on the beach",
"she" is an endophoric expression because
it refers to something already mentioned in
the text, i.e. "Sally".
a. Anaphora: looking back in the text for
their interpretation
Ex: Look at the boy. He is going upstairs
quickly.
( He refers back to the boy)
b. Cataphoric: looking forward in the text for
their interpretation
Ex: He is going upstairs quickly, the boy.
( It refers forwards to the boy)
 ENDOPHORA

Presenter: Trn Th Thanh Thanh

ENDOPHORA
Note, finally, that it is characteristic of 3rd
person forms that they may be cumulatively
anaphoric. One occurrence of John at the
beginning of a text may be followed by an
indefinitely large number of occurrences of
he, him or his all to be interpreted by
reference to the original John. This
phenomenon contributes very markedly to
the internal cohesion of a text, since it
creates a kind of network of lines of
reference, each occurrence being linked to all
its predecessors up to and including the initial
ENDOPHORA
The position of a listener
E.g.
What a girl! Shes very attractive and she
sings very beautifully. She has blond hair.
ENDOPHORA
ENDOPHORA
Any given individual introduced into a
conversation may be identified by a very
large number of refering expression.
The processor establishes a referent in his
mental representation of the discourse and
relates subsequent references to that
referent back to his mental representation,
rather than to the original verbal
representation in the text.
 Substitution

- Replacement of a word (group) or a

sentence segment by a dummy word.
Example
+ Wash and core six cooking apples. Put
them into a fireproof dish.
Kllgren remarks: The content of a text is
not merely a enumeration of referents; an
important part of the content is the
relations that the text establishes between
the referents (1978: 150)
 Look at this recipe:
Slice the onion finely, brown in the butter and
then place in a small dish. Put the ground
spices into a breakfast cup of water, add to the
fat in the pan and cook for 3 minutes, stirring
the while. Now add the chicken, mix well, see
that the meat is just covered by water and boil
for 20 minutes with the lid on the pan.
When the liquid has almost evaporated,
continue to cook but stir the chicken till golden
brown. Crush the browned onion with a
spoon
We shall examine some of the points in
the text, particularly where ellipsis
occurs which are taken as instructions
to the readers to look for a previous
expression to substitute within the text.
brown in the butter and then place
in a small dish
 Look for the antecedent
expression:
Now add the chicken
Consider one lexical expression:
When the liquid has almost
evaporated
Any adequate model of discourse
description must be able to
accommodate the various connections
which do exist in the text.
Nguyen Thi Mai Nga
SUMMARY
 EXOPHORA
refers to something extralinguistic, i.e. not
in the same text.
instructs the hearer to look outside the
text to identify what is being referred to.
can be deictic, such as this, that, these,
those used to make reference to
something in the context of the utterance
or speaker
is not cohesive, since it does not bind the
two elements together into a text.
 ENDOPHORA
is an expression which refers to
something intralinguistic, i.e. in the
same text.
instructs the hearer/reader to look
inside the text to find what is being
referred to.
 SUBSTITUTION

is an expression which may be simply

replaced by another or ellipsis in the
text.