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Foundations

of Individual Behavior

Chapter 2 1
Learning Objectives
Define key biographical characteristics
Identify two types of ability
Shape the behavior of others
Examine four schedules of reinforcement
Clarify the role of punishment in learning

Chapter 2 2
Biographical
Characteristics

Age

Chapter 2 3
Biographical
Characteristics

Gender

Chapter 2 4
Biographical
Characteristics

Marital Status

Chapter 2 5
Biographical
Characteristics

Tenure

Chapter 2 6
Intellectual Abilities
Number aptitude
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Spatial visualization
Memory ability
Chapter 2 7
Basic Physical Abilities

Strength Other Flexibility


Factors Factors Factors

Chapter 2 8
The Ability-Job Fit

Abilities of the
employee

Requirements of
the job

Chapter 2 9
Classical Conditioning

Chapter 2 10
Chapter 2 11
Operant Conditioning

Chapter 2 12
Chapter 2 13
Social Learning Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct experiences

Models have influence when the following processes occur:

Attentional Reconize

Retention Remember
Motor Reproduction Do

Reinforcement Get rewarded

Chapter 2 14
Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement

Methods of
Shaping Behavior

Punishment Extinction

Chapter 2 15
Types of Reinforcement

Continuous Intermittent
Reinforces desired Reinforces desired
behavior every time behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating

Chapter 2 16
Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval Ratio

Fixed- Fixed-
Interval Ratio
Variable

Variable- Variable-
Interval Ratio

Chapter 2 17
Behavior Modification:
Emery Air Freight

Chapter 2 18
Behavior Modification
Critical behaviors

Baseline data

Behavioral consequences

Intervention strategy

Performance improvement

Chapter 2 19
Organizational Applications
Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
Well pay versus sick pay
Training programs
Mentoring programs

Chapter 2 20

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